List remained in the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic after the war, and served as a member of Freikorps Epp led by Colonel Franz Ritter von Epp that helped overthrow the Bavarian Soviet Republic in 1919. He became commander of 3rd (Jäger) Battalion of the 19th (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment in Kempten in 1922, and would primarily spend the next decade in military training for the Reichswehr. He was assigned to the 7th Division in Munich in 1924 and served as chief of staff officer training for Military District VII. List was called to the Ministry of the Reichswehr in 1926 where he was made director of military education and later commander of Dresden Infantry School.[4] By 1932, he was promoted to Generalleutnant.
On 1 October 1933, List was appointed commander of Wehrkreis IV (Dresden) and commander of the 4th Division in Dresden. Two years later, on 1 October 1935, he was appointed General of the Infantry and was now Commanding General of the IV Army Corps. In February 1938, List took over the position of Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Command 2 in Kassel. On 1 April 1938, after the Anschluss, List was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Command 5 in Vienna, with the task of integrating the Austrian Federal Army into the Wehrmacht. On 1 April 1939, he was promoted to generaloberst.
World War II
Poland
In late 1939, List commanded the 14th Army of the Wehrmacht in the invasion of Poland. It was List's task to advance his army into southern Poland immediately at the start of the invasion, to form the extreme southern wing of an encircling manoeuver carried out by the German forces aimed at trapping the Polish Army in the general region of Warsaw. He was unsuccessful in this mission, though he met advance elements of the XIX Panzer Corps under General Heinz Guderian a short distance south of Brest-Litovsk on 17 September 1939. Following the conclusion of the fighting in Poland, which was accelerated by Soviet invasion of the eastern part of the country (as agreed to in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact), List and his army remained posted in Poland as occupying forces.
Invasion of France
During the huge German offensive against France and the Low Countries from May to June 1940, the 14th Army remained in Poland while List commanded the 12th Army during the fall of France. The 12th Army was a unit of Army Group A under command of Gerd von Rundstedt that successfully forced through the Ardennes and then made the imperative breakthrough on 15 May 1940, which spread panic in the French forces and cut the British Expeditionary Force off from their supply lines.
After this successful campaign, List was among the twelve generals that Hitler promoted to Field Marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony. In early 1941, German troops were being steadily massed on the Eastern Front in preparation for the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The OKW believed that before the invasion could be launched it would be necessary to eliminate the possibility of interference from Greece by militarily subduing this country. In an operation codenamed Operation Marita, List was delegated to negotiate with the Bulgarian Army's General Staff, and a secret agreement was signed allowing the free passage of German troops through Bulgarian territory. On the night of 28/29 February 1941, German troops (including List who now commanded the 12th Army) took up positions in Bulgaria, which the next day joined the Tripartite Pact.
On 6 April 1941, the Wehrmacht launched invasions of both Greece and Yugoslavia in what became the known as Balkans Campaign. List's 12th Army, consisting of four armored divisions and 11 motorized infantry divisions, totally outmatched the defending Greek and Yugoslav forces. German forces occupied Belgrade on 13 April and Athens on 27 April. The mainland campaign ended with the evacuation of British forces on 28 April. The Germans and their collaborationist allies were faced with resistance from various partisan groups. List became implicated in the mass killings of hundreds of thousands of civilians by having ordered hostage-taking and reprisal killings.
List resigned as chief of the 12th Army in October 1941 due to illness. In early 1942, he undertook an inspection tour of German-occupied Norway at Hitler's request to determine the country's preparedness for a potential British landing. List's open distaste for Nazism had already caused him to fall out of favour with Hitler, who did not want to give him a new command and only reconsidered at the insistence of various officers in the Wehrmacht leadership.
Summer campaign of 1942 and dismissal
In early July 1942, List took command of Army Group A on the Eastern Front, newly formed from the split of Army Group South during the German summer offensive named Case Blue.[5] His orders were to take Rostov-on-Don and then advance into the Caucasus to take oil-rich areas of Maikop and Grozny. German forces made good progress for two months, taking Maikop and advancing almost to Grozny, never reaching Grozny despite having the opportunity to capture it because List wrongly diverted forces to unnecessarily secure his right flank.[6] However, by the end of August their advance had ground to a halt, chiefly due to considerably stiffened Red Army resistance, and also due to critical shortages of fuel and ammunition as the army group outran its supply lines. Matters were made worse for the Germans by the removal in mid-August of most Luftwaffe combat units to the north to support the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad.[citation needed] Hitler was angered by the loss of momentum in the Caucasus and sent Alfred Jodl on 7 September to tell List to make faster progress.[7][bettersourceneeded] List explained to Jodl that he did not have enough forces to break through the Soviet lines to capture Grozny, and also believed that it was still possible to capture Grozny if all the other attacks were suspended and his army group was given priority in supplies and reinforcements. Jodl subsequently agreed with List and he relayed this information to Hitler, who became furious.[8][bettersourceneeded] Hitler relieved List of his command on 9 September when he proposed moving some stalled spearhead units to another, less advanced portion of the front to assist in destroying stubborn Soviet forces. Hitler placed himself in command of Army Group via the OKH, stating that "Field Marshal List led sluggishly", until he appointed Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist as commander on 22 November 1942.
In 1947, List and 11 of his former subordinates from the 12th Army were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity — primarily the hostage-taking and reprisal killing of Serbian hostages in Yugoslavia — in what became known as the Hostages Trial of the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials". List was tried in front of a U.S. military court and convicted on two charges: the mass killing of civilians, and the "Murder and ill-treatment of prisoners of war, and arbitrarily designating combatants as "partisans", denying them the status of prisoners of war, as well as their killing". In his closing statement, he denied his guilt, and argued that his actions were a response to the "cruel and underhanded" style of fighting in the Balkans. List was sentenced to life imprisonment in February 1948.
On 31 January 1951, the US High Commissioner John J. McCloy rejected a request for clemency for List. McCloy justified the decision by arguing List had approved anti-partisan tactics and operations that were excessively brutal to be justifiable. Additionally, McCloy stated troops under his command had been involved in the Final Solution in Yugoslavia unrelated to their military duties.
List was released from Landsberg Prison in December 1952, having served four years, officially compassionate release because of ill health. However, he returned to his home in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and lived for another 19 years, dying on 17 August 1971 at the age of 91.
↑"German Generals: Brief Who's Who of the High Command of Nazidom's Army". Life Magazine. November 13, 1939. pp.39–43.
↑
Compare:
Stumpf, Reinhard (1985). "Deutsche Biographie" (in German). Retrieved 3 November 2022. Im Okt. 1908 begann für ihn mit dem Kommando zur Kriegsakademie in München die Generalsstabslaufbahn. Nach dem erfolgreichen Abschluß der Akademie (1911) Zugführer im 1. Infanterieregiment, probeweise im Generalstab und Kompaniechef im 1. Pionierbataillon, wurde L. am 19.3.1914 in die Zentralstelle des Generalstabs in München versetzt (1913 Hauptmann).
↑"German Generals: Brief Who's Who of the High Command of Nazidom's Army". Life Magazine. November 13, 1939. pp.39–43.
↑"German Generals: Brief Who's Who of the High Command of Nazidom's Army". Life Magazine. November 13, 1939. pp.39–43.
↑Adam, Wilhelm; Ruhle, Otto (2015). With Paulus at Stalingrad. Translated by Tony Le Tissier. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. p.25. ISBN9781473833869.
↑Forczyk, Robert (May 19, 2014). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1941-1942: Schwerpunkt (Firsted.). Pen and Sword Military. p.177. ISBN9781781590089.
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile[The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN978-3-7909-0284-6.
Hayward, Joel S. A. Stopped At Stalingrad. University Press of Kansas; Lawrence: 1998. ISBN978-0-7006-1146-1.
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