ENSIKLOPEDIA
Garis besar filsafat
Filsafat adalah kajian tentang masalah-masalah umum dan mendasar yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal seperti keberadaan, pengetahuan, nilai, akal, budi, dan bahasa.[1][2] Filsafat dibedakan dari cara-cara lain dalam menangani pertanyaan-pertanyaan mendasar (seperti mistisisme, mitos) melalui sifatnya yang kritis dan umumnya sistematis, serta ketergantungannya pada argumen rasional.[3] Filsafat melibatkan analisis logis terhadap bahasa dan klarifikasi makna kata serta konsep.
Kata "filsafat" berasal dari bahasa Yunani philosophia (φιλοσοφία), yang secara harfiah berarti "cinta kebijaksanaan".[4][5][6]
Cabang-cabang filsafat
Cabang-cabang filsafat dan subcabangnya yang digunakan dalam filsafat kontemporer adalah sebagai berikut.
Estetika
Estetika adalah kajian tentang sifat keindahan, seni, dan selera, serta penciptaan jenis kebenaran pribadi.
Epistemologi
Epistemologi adalah cabang filsafat yang mempelajari sumber, sifat, dan validitas pengetahuan.
- Epistemologi sosial – penyelidikan terhadap aspek-aspek sosial dari pengetahuan.
- Epistemologi formal – penerapan model-model formal untuk mempelajari pengetahuan.
- Metaepistemologi – studi tentang landasan dari epistemologi itu sendiri.
Etika
Etika – kajian tentang nilai dan moralitas.
- Etika terapan – pemeriksaan filosofis, dari sudut pandang moral, terhadap isu-isu tertentu dalam kehidupan pribadi dan publik yang menjadi masalah penilaian moral. Dengan demikian, ini merupakan upaya untuk menggunakan metode filosofis guna mengidentifikasi tindakan yang benar secara moral dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia.
- Bioetika – analisis isu-isu etis kontroversial yang muncul dari kemajuan di bidang kedokteran.
- Etika lingkungan – mempelajari isu-isu etis mengenai dunia nonmanusia. Bidang ini berpengaruh pada berbagai disiplin ilmu termasuk hukum lingkungan, sosiologi lingkungan, ekoteologi, ekonomi ekologis, ekologi, dan geografi lingkungan.
- Etika kedokteran – mempelajari isu-isu etis mengenai kedokteran dan penelitian medis.
- Etika profesi – etika untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme.
- Etika diskursus – penemuan prinsip-prinsip etis melalui studi bahasa.
- Etika normatif – studi tentang teori-teori etis yang menetapkan bagaimana orang seharusnya bertindak.
- Metaetika – cabang etika yang berusaha memahami sifat dari properti, pernyataan, sikap, dan penilaian etis.
Logika
Logika – studi sistematis tentang bentuk inferensi dan penalaran yang valid.
Juga dianggap sebagai ilmu formal tersendiri.
Metafisika
Metafisika – berkaitan dengan penjelasan tentang sifat mendasar dari keberadaan dan dunia yang melingkupinya.
- Kosmologi – studi tentang sifat dan asal-usul alam semesta.
- Ontologi – studi filosofis tentang sifat keberadaan, proses menjadi, eksistensi, atau realitas, serta kategori dasar dari keberadaan dan hubungannya.
- Meta-ontologi – studi tentang landasan ontologis dari ontologi itu sendiri.
- Filsafat ruang dan waktu – cabang filsafat yang berkaitan dengan isu-isu seputar ontologi, epistemologi, dan karakter ruang dan waktu.
Lain-lain
- Transhumanisme
- Metafilsafat
- Fenomenologi
- Filsafat tindakan
- Filsafat pendidikan
- Filsafat lingkungan
- Filsafat sejarah
- Filsafat bahasa
- Filsafat hukum
- Filsafat hidup
- Filsafat matematika
- Filsafat budi
- Filsafat agama
- Filsafat cinta dan seks
- Filsafat ilmu
- Filsafat olahraga
- Filsafat perang
- Filsafat politik
- Pragmatisme
Tradisi filsafat berdasarkan wilayah
Variasi filsafat berdasarkan wilayah.
Filsafat Afrika
Filsafat Timur
Filsafat Timur Tengah
Filsafat penduduk asli Amerika
Filsafat Barat
- Filsafat Amerika
- Filsafat Australia
- Filsafat Britania
- Filsafat Kanada
- Filsafat Ceko
- Filsafat Denmark
- Filsafat Belanda
- Filsafat Prancis
- Filsafat Yunani
- Filsafat Jerman
- Filsafat Italia
- Filsafat Malta
- Filsafat Polandia
- Filsafat Rumania
- Filsafat Rusia
- Filsafat Skotlandia
- Filsafat Slovenia
- Filsafat Spanyol
- Filsafat Yugoslavia
Sejarah filsafat
Sejarah filsafat dalam konteks ruang dan waktu tertentu.
Lini masa filsafat
Filsafat kuno dan klasik
Pemikiran filsafat selama sejarah kuno.
Filsafat Yunani dan Romawi kuno
Filsafat Tiongkok klasik
Filsafat India klasik
Filsafat abad pertengahan dan pascaklasik
Pemikiran filsafat selama sejarah pascaklasik.
Filsafat Kristen
Filsafat Islam
Filsafat Yahudi
Filsafat Tiongkok pascaklasik
Filsafat modern dan kontemporer
Pemikiran filsafat selama era modern.
Filsafat Renaisans
Filsafat modern awal
Filsafat kontemporer
Aliran pemikiran filosofis
Aliran pemikiran filosofis yang tidak terikat pada konteks sejarah tertentu.
Gerakan estetika
Sikap epistemologis
- Koherentisme
- Epistemologi konstruktivis
- Kontekstualisme
- Kognisi terwujud
- Empirisme
- Falibilisme
- Fondasionalisme
- Holisme
- Infinitisme
- Inatisme
- Internalism dan eksternalisme
- Positivisme logis
- Realisme naif
- Epistemologi dinaturalisasi
- Epistemologi objektivis
- Fenomenalisme
- Positivisme
- Reduksionisme
- Epistemologi Terreformasi
- Reliabilisme
- Realisme representatif
- Rasionalisme
- Kognisi tersituasi
- Skeptisisme
- Teori Bentuk
- Idealisme transendental
- Uniformitarianisme
Teori etika
Sistem logika
Sikap metafisika
- Absurdisme
- Antirealisme
- Dualisme Kartesian
- Kehendak bebas
- Materialisme
- Makna hidup
- Idealisme
- Eksistensialisme
- Esensialisme
- Libertarianisme
- Determinisme
- Kompatibilisme
- Naturalisme
- Monisme
- Pesimisme filosofis
- Idealisme Platonis
- Idealisme Hindu
- Fenomenalisme
- Nihilisme
- Realisme
- Fisikalisme
- MOQ
- Relativisme
- Realisme ilmiah
- Solipsisme
- Subjektivisme
- Objektivisme
- Teori substansi
- Teori tipe
- Emergentisme
- Emanasionisme
Filsafat politik
Teori dan sikap filsafat bahasa
- Teori referensi kausal
- Teori makna kontras
- Kontrasivisme
- Konvensionalisme
- Kratilisme
- Dekonstruksi
- Teori nama deskriptivis
- Teori referensi langsung
- Dramatisme
- Ekspresivisme
- Determinisme linguistik
- Atomisme logis
- Teori referensi termediasi
- Nominalisme
- Nonkognitivisme
- Falogosentrisme
- Kvietisme
- Teori relevansi
- Eksternalisme semantik
- Holisme semantik
- Strukturalisme
- Teori suposisi
- Simbiosisme
- Nonkognitivisme teologis
- Teori deskripsi
- Teori verifikasi
Filsafat budi
- Behaviorisme
- Naturalisme biologis
- Kesadaran
- Disjungtivisme
- Dualisme
- Materialisme eliminatif
- Materialisme emergen
- Enaktivisme
- Epifenomenalisme
- Fungsionalisme
- Teori identitas
- Idealisme
- Interaksionisme
- Materialisme
- Monisme
- Monisme netral
- Panpsikisisme
- Fenomenalisme
- Fenomenologi
- Fisikalisme
- Dualisme properti
- Teori budi representasional
- Teori data indra
- Solipsisme
- Dualisme substansi
- Teori qualia
Sikap filsafat agama
- Teori agama
- Akosmisme
- Agnostisisme
- Animisme
- Antiagama
- Ateisme
- Dharmisme
- Deisme
- Teori perintah ilahi
- Kosmologi dualistik
- Esoterisisme
- Eksklusivisme
- Eksistensialisme
- Teologi feminis
- Fideisme
- Fundamentalisme
- Gnostisisme
- Henoteisme
- Humanisme
- Inklusivisme
- Monisme
- Monoteisme
- Mistisisme
- Naturalisme
- Zaman Baru
- Nondualisme
- Nonteisme
- Pandeisme
- Panteisme
- Perenialisme
- Politeisme
- Teologi proses
- Spiritualisme
- Samanisme
- Taoik
- Teisme
- Transcendentalisme
Teori dan sikap filsafat ilmu
- Holisme konfirmasi
- Koherentisme
- Kontekstualisme
- Konvensionalisme
- Model deduktif-nomologis
- Determinisme
- Empirisme
- Falibilisme
- Fondasionalisme
- Model hipotetis-deduktif
- Infinitisme
- Instrumentalisme
- Positivisme
- Pragmatisme
- Rasionalisme
- Pandangan teori yang diterima
- Reduksionisme
- Pandangan semantik tentang teori
- Realisme ilmiah
- Saintisme
- Antirealisme ilmiah
- Skeptisisme
- Uniformitarianisme
- Vitalisme
Literatur filosofis
Karya referensi
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
- Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
- Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2.
- Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8.
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
- Edwards, Paul, ed. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
- International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
- Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
- Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
- History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
- A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
- History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
- Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
- Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
- History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
- Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
- Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
- Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
- Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
- A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
- History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
- History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
- A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
- Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
- Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
- Runes, D., ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 24 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2005.
- Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
- Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, ed. (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.
- Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
- Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
- Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
- Reese, W.L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1
Pengantar umum
- Aristotle (1941). Richard McKeon (ed.). The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House.
- Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 978-0-907845-33-1
- Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285421-6
- Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-333-69343-8
- Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-511552-9
- Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN 978-1-903765-94-4
- Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-189869-1
- Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-534-16708-0
- Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 978-0-415-14694-4
- Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-505292-3
- Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
- Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
- Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 978-0-345-36809-6
Pengantar topikal
Afrika
- Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8476-8841-8
Timur
- A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
- Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5
- Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 978-0-19-513335-6
- Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 978-0-86316-282-4
- Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 978-0-415-22852-7
- Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 978-0-268-01569-5
Islam
- Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
- Leaman, Oliver (2000-04-14). A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6.
- Corbin, Henry (23 June 2014) [1993]. History Of Islamic Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Sherrard, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-19888-6.
- Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16 December 2013). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78105-6.
Pengantar sejarah
Umum
- Oizerman, Teodor (1988). The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy (PDF). translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon (Edisi 2nd). Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-5-01-000506-1. Diarsipkan dari asli (DjVu, etc.) tanggal 2012-03-06. Diakses tanggal 20 January 2011. File not found 2026-10-23. First published in Russian as Главные философские направленияcode: ru is deprecated .
- Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-510196-6
- Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN 978-0-671-73916-4
- Oizerman, Teodor (1973). Problems of the History of Philosophy. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (Edisi 1st). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pada 6 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 20 January 2011. First published in Russian as Проблемы историко-философской наукиcode: ru is deprecated .
Kuno
- Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4
Abad pertengahan
- The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
- Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
- Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21273-3.
Modern dan kontemporer
- The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
- European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
- Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
- Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
- Bullock, Alan, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 [1983]. xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
- Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
- Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
- Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
- Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2
Daftar
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ↑ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
- ↑ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
- ↑ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
- ↑ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
- ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ↑ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Edisi Second College).
Pranala luar
| Cari tahu mengenai Filsafat pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: | |
| Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary | |
| Gambar dan media dari Commons | |
| Berita dari Wikinews | |
| Kutipan dari Wikiquote | |
| Teks sumber dari Wikisource | |
| Buku dari Wikibuku | |
- Taxonomy of Philosophy – topic outline developed by David Chalmers as the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory.
- PhilPapers – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
- Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
- Guide to Philosophy on the Internet Diarsipkan 2007-06-09 di Wayback Machine.
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Ism Book
- Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners) Diarsipkan 2007-03-08 di Wayback Machine.
- Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
- The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text)
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy