Formasi Sao Khua (Thai: หมวดหินเสาขัวcode: th is deprecated ) adalah anggota tengah dari Grup Khorat. Formasi ini terdiri dari perselingan antara batu pasir berbutir halus hingga sedang yang berwarna merah pucat hingga abu-abu kekuningan, serta batu lanau dan lempung berwarna cokelat kemerahan abu-abu. Konglomerat berwarna merah pucat hingga abu-abu muda yang jarang ditemukan, yang mengandung kerakal karbonat, juga menjadi ciri khas dari formasi ini. Formasi geologi di Thailand ini berasal dari zaman Kapur Awal, khususnya pada tahap Valanginian hingga Hauterivian.[1]
Sisa-sisa dinosaurus termasuk di antara fosil yang telah ditemukan dari formasi ini.[2]
Lingkungan pengendapan
Berdasarkan paleosol (tanah purba) dan litostratigrafi, Formasi Sao Khua diyakini telah terendapkan dalam iklim semi-arid yang hangat hingga agak sejuk oleh sistem sungai meander (berkelok-kelok). Data geokimia menunjukkan rezim iklim subtropis lembap yang stabil, dan sedimentasi diperkirakan terjadi di lingkungan dataran banjir yang disuplai oleh saluran meander besar yang kaya akan beban dasar (bedload). Analisis arus purba menunjukkan bahwa saluran pasir pada saat pengendapan formasi ini kemungkinan membentuk lingkungan sungai teranyam (braided channel).[3]
Tengkorak dan kerangka yang hampir lengkap (SM-2021-1-97/101), tengkorak yang hampir lengkap (SM-2023-1-16), dan bagian atas tengkorak (skull table) parsial (SM-2023-1-17).[25]
Seekor pari gergaji. Dentikel ini memiliki satu kait (barb) yang mirip dengan Onchopristis, Onchosaurus, dan Pucapristis, tetapi dibedakan dari semua genus lainnya karena memiliki deretan "tetesan" enameloid di setiap sisinya.[31] Ini adalah salah satu sclerorhynchoid paling awal, bersama dengan Celtipristis dan Onchopristis yang juga muncul pada tahap Barremian.[32]
↑Tucker, Ryan T.; Hyland, Ethan G.; Gates, Terry A.; King, M. Ryan; Roberts, Eric M.; Foley, Elliot K.; Berndt, David; Hanta, Rattanaphorn; Khansubha, Sasa-on; Aswasereelert, Wasinee; Zanno, Lindsay E. (September 2022). "Age, depositional history, and paleoclimatic setting of Early Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages from the Sao Khua Formation (Khorat Group), Thailand". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 601 111107. Bibcode:2022PPP...60111107T. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111107. ISSN0031-0182. S2CID249702713.
↑Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Asia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 563-570. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
↑Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Le Loeuff, Jean; Khansubha, Sasa-On; Tong, Haiyan; Wongko, K. (January 2005). "The dinosaur fauna from the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Thailand". International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina (GEOINDO 2005): 575–581.
12Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Tong, Haiyan (May 2009). "An early 'ostrich dinosaur' (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation of NE Thailand". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 315 (1): 229–243. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.315..229B. doi:10.1144/sp315.16. ISSN0305-8719. S2CID128633687.
12Buffetaut, Eric; Dyke, Gareth; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Tong, Haiyan (2005-12-01). "First record of a fossil bird from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand". Comptes Rendus Palevol (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 (8): 681–686. Bibcode:2005CRPal...4..681B. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.06.002. ISSN1631-0683.
12Suteethorn, Suravech; Loeuff, Jean Le; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2010). "Description of topotypes of Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae, a sauropod from the Sao Khua Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Thailand, and their phylogenetic implications". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 256 (1): 109. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0036. ISSN0077-7749.
↑"Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Halaman 268.
12Samathi, Adun; Sander, P. Martin; Chanthasit, Phornphen (February 2021). "A spinosaurid from Thailand (Sao Khua Formation, Early Cretaceous) and a reassessment of Camarillasaurus cirugedae from the Early Cretaceous of Spain". Historical Biology. 33 (4): 3480–3494. Bibcode:2021HBio...33.3480S. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1874372. S2CID233884025.
12De Andrade, M. B.; Edmonds, R.; Benton, M. J.; Schouten, R. (2011). "A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163: S66 –S108. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x.
12Lauprasert, Komsorn; Cuny, Gilles; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn (2007). "Siamosuchus phuphokensis, a new goniopholidid from the Early Cretaceous (ante-Aptian) of northeastern Thailand". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 178 (3): 201. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.178.3.201. ISSN1777-5817.
12Lauprasert, Komsorn; Laojumpon, Chalida; Saenphala, Wanitchaphat; Cuny, Gilles; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2010-06-12). "Atoposaurid crocodyliforms from the Khorat Group of Thailand: first record of Theriosuchus from Southeast Asia". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0071-z. ISSN0031-0220.
12Pochat-Cottilloux, Yohan; Lauprasert, Komsorn; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Manitkoon, Sita; Adrien, Jérôme; Lachambre, Joël; Amiot, Romain; Martin, Jeremy E. (2024-01-09). "New Cretaceous neosuchians (Crocodylomorpha) from Thailand bridge the evolutionary history of atoposaurids and paralligatorids". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 202 (2): 1–27. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad195.
123Cuny, Gilles; Suteethorn, V. (2003-01-01). "A Pterodactyloid tooth from the Sao Khua Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Thailand". Mahasarakham University Journal. 22: 92–98.
1234Tong, Haiyan; Claude, Julien; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Naksri, Wilailuck; Buffetaut, Eric (May 2009). "Turtle assemblages of the Khorat Group (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) of NE Thailand and their palaeobiogeographical significance". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 315 (1): 141–152. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.315..141T. doi:10.1144/sp315.11. ISSN0305-8719. S2CID130709324.
12Tong, Haiyan; Buffetaut, Eric; Varavudh; Suteethorn, Suravech; Cuny, Gilles; Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Martin, Jeremy E.; Wongko, Kamonrak; Naksri, Wilailuck; Claude, Julien (2019-07-01). "Phu Din Daeng, a new Early Cretaceous vertebrate locality on the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". Annales de Paléontologie. Palaeobiodiversity of Southeast Asia, issue 1. 105 (3): 223–237. Bibcode:2019AnPal.105..223T. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2019.04.004. ISSN0753-3969. S2CID189968031.
↑Cavin, Lionel; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Buffetaut, Eric; Claude, Julien; Cuny, Gilles; Le Loeuff, Jean; Tong, Haiyan (2007-12-12). "The first sinamiid fish (Holostei: Halecomorpha) from Southeast Asia (Early Cretaceous of Thailand)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 827–837. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[827:tfsfhh]2.0.co;2. ISSN0272-4634. S2CID85325978.
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123G.; V.; S. (2015). "A sclerorhynchoid (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii) in the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand?". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 67: 15–17.
↑Kriwet, J. (1999). "Neoselachier (Pisces, Elasmobranchii) aus der Unterkreide (unteres Barremium) von Galve und Alcaine (Spanien, Provinz Teruel)". Palaeo Ichthyologica. 9: 113–142.
↑Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn; Sato, Yoshio; Nakhapadungrat, Somchai (2010). A New Species of Pseudohyria (Matsumotoina) (Bivalvia: Trigonioidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation, Khorat Group, Northeastern Thailand.