Halaman pertama dari The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus dari Folio Pertama, diterbitkan pada tahun 1623
The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus, sering disingkat menjadi Titus Andronicus, adalah sebuah tragedi karya William Shakespeare, dipercaya telah ditulis antara tahun 1588 dan 1593. Drama ini dianggap sebagai tragedi pertama Shakespeare dan sering dilihat sebagai upayanya untuk meniru drama balas dendam yang penuh kekerasan dan berdarah dari para penulis sezamannya, yang sangat populer di kalangan penonton sepanjang abad ke-16.[1]
Titus, seorang jenderal di tentara Romawi, menampilkan Tamora, Ratu Goth, sebagai budak kaisar Romawi baru, Saturninus. Saturninus menikahi Tamora. Dari posisi ini, Tamora bersumpah untuk membalas dendam kepada Titus karena telah membunuh putranya. Titus dan keluarganya membalas, yang menyebabkan siklus kekerasan berulang.
Titus Andronicus awalnya sangat populer, tetapi pada akhir abad ke-17, popularitasnya menurun. Pada Era Victoria tidak mementaskannya, sebagian besar karena kekerasan grafisnya. Reputasinya mulai membaik sekitar pertengahan abad ke-20,[2] namun, drama ini tetap menjadi salah satu karya Shakespeare yang paling kurang dihargai.
Kisah Titus Andronikus
Tokoh utama
Titus Andronikus, jenderal Romawi melawan bangsa Goth
Lucius, Quintus, Martius, Mutius, putra-putra Titus
All references to Titus Andronicus, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare (Waith), based on the Q1 text of 1594 (except 3.2, which is based on the folio text of 1623). Under its referencing system, 4.3.15 means act 4, scene 3, line 15.
Greenblatt, Stephen; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.) The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare (London: Norton, 1997)
Harrison, G. B. (ed.). The Most Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1958; revised edition, 1995)
Hughes, Alan (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; 2nd edition 2006)
MacDonald, Russell (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2000)
Massai, Sonia (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The New Penguin Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2001)
Maxwell, J. C. (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1953)
Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John; Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan (eds.). The New Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016-17)
Waith, Eugene M. (ed.). Titus Andronicus (The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)
Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.). The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd ed., 2005)
Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.). Titus Andronicus (Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 2005)
Secondary sources
Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (New York: New York Publishing Company, 1998)
Boyd, Brian. "Common Words in Titus Andronicus: The Presence of Peele", Notes and Queries, 42:3 (September 1995), 300–307
Brockbank, Philip. "Shakespeare: His Histories, English and Roman" in Christopher Ricks (editor), The New History of Literature (Volume 3): English Drama to 1710 (New York: Peter Bedrick, 1971), 148–181
Brucher, Richard. "'Tragedy Laugh On': Comic Violence in Titus Andronicus", Renaissance Drama, 10 (1979), 71–92
Bryant Jr., Joseph Allen. "Aaron and the Pattern of Shakespeare's Villains" in Dale B. J. Randall and Joseph A. Porter (editors), Renaissance Papers 1984: Southeastern Renaissance Conference (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1985), 29–36
Bullough, Geoffrey. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare (Volume 6): Other 'Classical' Plays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)
Carroll, James D., "Gorboduc and Titus Andronicus", Notes and Queries, 51:3 (Fall, 2004), 267–269
Chernaik, Warren. "Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays (book review)", Modern Language Review, 99:4 (2004), 1030–1031
Christensen, Ann. "'Playing the Cook": Nurturing Men in Titus Andronicus", in Holger Klein and Rowland Wymer (editors), Shakespeare and History. (Shakespeare Yearbook), (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996), 327–54
Cohen, Derek. Shakespeare's Culture of Violence (London: St. Martin's Press, 1993)
Daniel, P. A. A Time Analysis of the Plots of Shakespeare's Plays (London: New Shakspere Society, 1879)
Dessen, Alan C. Shakespeare in Performance: Titus Andronicus (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989)
Dobson, Michael S. The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660–1769 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995)
Duthie, G. I. Shakespeare (London: Hutchinson, 1951)
Fawcett, Mary Laughlin. "Arms/Words/Tears: Language and the Body in Titus Andronicus", ELH, 50:2 (Summer, 1983), 261–277
Foakes, R. A. and Rickert R. T. (eds.) Henslowe's Diary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961; 2nd ed. edited by Foakes alone, 2002)
Freebury-Jones, Darren. Shakespeare's Borrowed Feathers: How Early Modern Playwrights Shaped the World's Greatest Writer (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2024)
Goodwin, John. Royal Shakespeare Theatre Company, 1960–1963 (London: Max Reinhardt, 1964)
Greene, Darragh. "'Have We Done Aught Amiss?': Transgression, Indirection and Audience Reception in Titus Andronicus," in Staged Transgression in Shakespeare's England Ed. Rory Loughnane and Edel Semple. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp.63–75. ISBN978-1-137-34934-7
Haaker, Ann. "Non Sine Causa: The Use of Emblematic Method and Iconology in the Thematic Structure of Titus Andronicus", Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama, 13 (1970), 143–168
Halliday, F. E.A Shakespeare Companion, 1564–1964 (Baltimore: Penguin, 1964)
Hamilton, A. C. "Titus Andronicus: The Form of Shakespearean Tragedy", Shakespeare Quarterly, 14:2 (Summer, 1963), 203–207
Hiles, Jane. "A Margin for Error: Rhetorical Context in Titus Andronicus", Style, 21:2 (Summer, 1987), 62–75
Hill, R. F. "The Composition of Titus Andronicus"Shakespeare Survey, 10 (1957), 60–70
Huffman, Clifford. "Titus Andronicus: Metamorphosis and Renewal," Modern Language Review, 67:4 (1972), 730–741
Hulse, S. Clark. "Wresting the Alphabet: Oratory and Action in Titus Andronicus", Criticism, 21:2 (Spring, 1979), 106–118
Hunter, G. K. "Sources and Meanings in Titus Andronicus", in J. C. Gray (editor) The Mirror up to Shakespeare Essays in Honour of G. R. Hibbard (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1983a), 171–188
⸻. "The Sources of Titus Andronicus – once again", Notes and Queries, 30:2 (Summer, 1983b), 114–116
⸻. "Shakespeare's Brothers and Peele's Brethren Titus Andronicus again", Notes and Queries, 44:4 (November 1997), 494–495
James, Heather. "Cultural Disintegration in Titus Andronicus: Mutilating Titus, Virgil, and Rome", in James Redmond (editor), Themes in Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 123–140
Jones, Emrys. The Origins of Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977)
Metz, G. Harold. "The History of Titus Andronicus and Shakespeare's Play", Notes and Queries, 22:4 (Winter, 1975), 163–166
⸻. "Stage History of Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Quarterly, 28:2 (Summer, 1977), 154–169
⸻. "A Stylometric Comparison of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, Pericles and Julius Caesar", Shakespeare Newsletter, 29:1 (Spring, 1979), 42
⸻. Shakespeare's Earliest Tragedy: Studies in Titus Andronicus (Madison: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996)
Mincoff, Marco. "The Source of Titus Andronicus", Notes and Queries, 216:2 (Summer, 1971), 131–134
McCandless, David. "A Tale of Two Tituses: Julie Taymor's Vision on Stage and Screen", Shakespeare Quarterly, 53:4 (Winter, 2002), 487–511
Miola, Robert S. "Titus Andronicus and the Mythos of Shakespeare's Rome", Shakespeare Studies, 14 (1981), 85–98
Muir, Kenneth. The Sources of Shakespeare's Plays (London: Routledge, 1977; rpt 2005)
Nevo, Ruth. "Tragic Form in Titus Andronicus", in A. A. Mendilow (editor), Further Studies in English Language and Literature (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1975), 1–18
Onions, C. T.A Shakespeare Glossary (London: Oxford University Press, 1953; 2nd ed. edited by Robert D. Eagleson, 1986)
Palmer, D. J. "The Unspeakable in Pursuit of the Uneatable: Language and Action in Titus Andronicus", Critical Quarterly, 14:4 (Winter, 1972), 320–339
Parrott, T. M. "Shakespeare's Revision of Titus Andronicus", Modern Language Review, 14 (1919), 16–37
Price, Hereward. "The Language of Titus Andronicus", Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 21 (1935), 501–507
Pruitt, Anna. "Refining the LION Collocation Test: A Comparative Study of Authorship Test Results for Titus Andronicus Scene 6 (= 4.1)", in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 92-106
Reese, Jack E. "The Formalization of Horror in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Quarterly, 21:1 (Spring, 1970), 77–84
Robertson, J.M.Did Shakespeare Write Titus Andronicus?: A Study in Elizabethan Literature (London: Watts, 1905)
Rossiter, A. P. Angel with Horns: Fifteen Lectures on Shakespeare (London: Longmans, 1961; edited by Graham Storey)
Speaight, Robert. Shakespeare on the Stage: An Illustrated History of Shakespearean Performance (London: Collins, 1973)
Sacks, Peter. "Where Words Prevail Not: Grief, Revenge, and Language in Kyd and Shakespeare", ELH, 49:3 (Autumn, 1982), 576–601
Sampley, Arthur M. "Plot Structure in Peele's Plays as a Test of Authorship", PMLA, 51:4 (Winter, 1936), 689–701
Sargent, Ralph M. "The Sources of Titus Andronicus", Studies in Philology, 46:2 (April 1949), 167–183
Sommers, Alan. "'Wilderness of Tigers': Structure and Symbolism in Titus Andronicus", Essays in Criticism, 10 (1960), 275–289
Spencer, T. J. B. "Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Romans", Shakespeare Survey, 10 (1957), 27–38
Starks, Lisa S. "Cinema of Cruelty: Powers of Horror in Julie Taymor's Titus", in Lisa S. Starks and Courtney Lehmann (editors) The Reel Shakespeare: Alternative Cinema and Theory (London: Associated University Press, 2002), 121–142
Taylor, Gary and Doug Douhaime "Who Wrote the Fly Scene (3.2) in Titus Andronicus?: Automated Searches and Deep Reading" in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 67-91
Tricomi, Albert H. "The Aesthetics of Mutilation in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Survey, 27 (1974), 11–19
⸻. "The Mutilated Garden in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Studies, 9 (1976), 89–105
Ungerer, Gustav. "An Unrecorded Elizabethan Performance of Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Survey, 14 (1961), 102–109
Vickers, Brian. Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
Waith, Eugene M. "The Metamorphosis of Violence in Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Survey, 10 (1957), 26–35
West, Grace Starry. "Going by the Book: Classical Allusions in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus", Studies in Philology, 79:1 (Spring 1982), 62–77
Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; with Jowett, John & Montgomery, William. William Shakespeare: a Textual Companion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987)
Willis, Deborah. "'The Gnawing Vulture': Revenge, Trauma Theory, and Titus Andronicus", Shakespeare Quarterly, 53:1 (Spring, 2002), 21–52
Wilson, F. P.Shakespearean and Other Studies (London: Oxford University Press, 1969; edited by Helen Gardner)
Wynne-Davies, Marion. "'The swallowing womb": Consumed and Consuming Women in Titus Andronicus", in Valerie Wayne (editor), The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 129–151
Pranala luar
Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini: