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Semnani language

Language of the Semnan Province of Iran

Semnani
سمنی زفون Semani zefön
Region	Iran
Ethnicity	Semnani
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Northwestern Semnani Semnani
Dialects	Biyabanaki
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`smy`
Glottolog	`semn1249`
ELP	Semnani
Semnani is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger^[1]

Semnani (سمنانی زفون, Semani zefön) is the main language of the Semnan province of Iran and has several branches. The language belongs to the Northwestern branch of the Western Iranian languages. Spoken in south of the Caspian Sea, Semnani is linguistically closely related to Zaza language, another northwestern Iranian language spoken in Anatolia.^[2]^[3]^[4] It is suggested that Semnani and Zaza are descended from a common ancestor.^[2]^[5] Similiar to Zaza, the noun, adjective systems and verb conjugation exhibit two genders (masculine and feminine), two cases and two numbers in Semnani.^[6]^[5]

Semnani, similar to other Caspian languages,bears some resemblance to the Old Iranian Median language and was influenced by Parthian in a later process.^[7]^[8]

Classification

Glottolog classifies the Semnani language within the Semnani-Biyabuneki subgroup of Northwestern Iranian languages^[9] and classifies nearby languages, such as Sangsari, Lasgerdi, Sorkhei and Aftari within another subgroup, the Komisenian subgroup.^[10] Jost Gippert, demonstrated that Semnani is linguistically very close to Zaza and suggested that both languages may have originated from a common ancestor.^[2]

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			(ŋ)
Plosive	p b		t d			k ɡ	q	ʔ
Affricate				tʃ dʒ
Fricative	f v	θ	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ		h
Tap			ɾ
Trill			(r)
Approximant			l		j	w

(Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Allophones are in parentheses.)

Grammar

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (February 2026)

Syntax

Subjects in Semnani must have gender agreement with the verb in their immediate clause.^[11]

Notes

↑ "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". unesdoc.unesco.org. p. 46. Retrieved 2025-12-21.
1 2 3 Gippert, Jost (2008). "Zur dialektalen Stellung des Zazaki". Die Sprache. 47 (1): 103.
↑ Asatrian, Garnik; Gevorgian, K. H. (1988). "Zāzā Miscellany: Notes on some religious customs and institutions". ACTA IRANICA. Leiden: Brill. p. 501.
↑ Asatrian, Garnik; Gevorgian, K. H. (1988). W. Sundermann, W.; Duchesne-Guillemin, J.; Vahman, F. (eds.). "Zāzā Miscellany: Notes on some religious customs and institutions". Acta Iranica: Encyclopédie Permanente des Études Iraniennes. 12 (2): 501.
1 2 Hassanzadeh-Nodehi, Ramin (2025). Towards a grammar of the Semnāni language (PhD thesis). Sapienza – Università di Roma. p. 2-3.
↑ Gippert, Jost (2008). "Zur dialektalen Stellung des Zazaki". Die Sprache. 47 (1): 90–91.
↑ Habib Borjian: . In: . Nr. 2. Brill, 2009
↑ Agnes, Korn. "A partial tree of Central Iranian: A new look at Iranian subphyla". Indogermanische Forschungen. 121 (1): 14.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Semnani-Biyabuneki". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Komisenian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Rezapour, Ebrahim (2015). "Word order in Semnani language based on language typology". IQBQ. 6 (5): 169–190.

Bibliography

Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Pages 296–314.

Iranian languages

History

Proto-Iranian
Old Iranian
Middle Iranian
New Iranian

Eastern

Pamir	Ishkashimi Khufi Munji Rushani Sanglechi Sarghulami Shughni Bartangi Khufi Oroshori Sarikoli Vanji Wakhi Yazghulami Yidgha
Scythian/Northern	Eastern Khwarezmian Saka Wakhi Sogdian Yaghnobi Western Alanic Ossetian Digor Iron Jassic Cimmerian Pontic Scythian
Others	Bactrian Parachi Pashto Central Northern Southern Wanetsi Ormuri

Western

North

Adharic	Old Adhari † Gorani Gurani Shabaki Tatic Talysh Alviri-Vidari Ashtiani Eshtehardi Daylami † (South Alborz Gozarkhani Harzandi Kabatei Kajali Karan Karingani Kilit † Kho'ini Koresh-e Rostam Maraghei Razajerdi Shahrudi Takestani Upper Taromi Vafsi Zaza Southern Zaza Northern Zaza
Balochic	Southern-Western Balochi Makrani Koroshi Rakhshani Eastern Balochi
Caspian	Gorgani † Gilaki Western Gilaki Eastern Gilaki Galeshi Mazandarani-Shahmirzadi
Central Iran Kermanic	Kavir Nuclear Central-Kermanic Gazi Judeo-Esfahani Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi Judeo-Kermani Natanzi Khunsari Nayini Sivandi Soi Abuzaydabadi Judeo-Kashani Zoroastrian Yazdi
Komisenian-Semnani	Komisenian Sangisari Lasgerdi Sorkhei Aftari Semnani Biyabuneki)
Laki-Kurdish	Kurdish Central Kurdish Northern Kurdish Southern Kurdish Laki

South

Farsic-Caucasian Tatic	Caucasian Tat Judeo-Tat Armeno-Tat Farsic Eastern Farsic Aimaq Dari Dehwari Hazaragi Pahlavani Tajik Bukharian Western Farsic Persian Old Persian † Middle Persian † Sistani Iranian Basseri Esfahani Kermanshahi Khorasani Kuwaiti Tehrani Judeo-Persian Pahlavani Khuzestani Persian
Fars dialects	Judeo-Shirazi Davani
Luric-Dezfulic	Luri Bakhtiari Northern Luri Southern Luri Mamasani Dezfuli–Shushtari Dezfuli Shushtari Old Kazeruni †
Others	Bashkardi Garmsiri Khargi Kumzari Larestani (Achomi)

Others

Avestan
Badeshi (unclassified)

† indicate extinct or historical languages.
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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