Laki (Kurdish: لهکی, romanized:Lekî, Persian: لکی) is a language variety that consists of two major sub-varieties: Pish-e Kuh Laki and Posht-e Kuh Laki.[3] Laki is considered a Kurdish dialect by many linguists[4][5] and is spoken chiefly in the area between Khorramabad and Kermanshah in Iran by about 680,000 native speakers.[6]
In Turkey, the language is spoken by the Şêxbizin tribe, scattered around the country.[13]
Classification
Most scholars agree that Laki is part of the Kurdish language group,[4] yet the classification of Laki as a sub-dialect of Southern Kurdish or as a fourth dialect of Kurdish is unsettled.[4][5] While differences between Laki and the other Southern Kurdish dialects are minimal,[14] linguist Fattah argues that Laki cannot be considered a dialect of Southern Kurdish since Laki is ergative unlike Southern Kurdish.[15] Other linguists argue that Laki is closely related to Kurdish but refrain from deciding its place among the Northwestern Iranian languages.[4][3]Glottolog places Laki alongside the three Kurdish languages into a Laki-Kurdish group, while Ethnologue likewise lists Laki as a fourth language within Kurdish.[16][17]
Laki has also been classified as a Luri dialect, but speakers of Luri claim that Laki is "difficult or impossible to understand".[18] Linguist Shahsavari points that Laki is sometimes seen as 'a transitional dialect between Kurdish and Luri'.[19]
History
Oral literature
Two significant groups of Laki oral literature are religious oral literature and astronomical literature. The first group includes Shia oral hymns and Yarsan songs, while the second gives an expansive and colorful account of Laki narratives of astronomical events and their consequences, the power of the sun, moon, the week and tales on the stars. A third and less significant group of Laki oral literature are verses on nature and the daily life. In the folklore of rural areas, fal gərtən or 'tell fortunes' are very important.[20]
Written literature
Page of a Persian–Laki dictionary, dated 1811 CE.
The use of Laki in literary writing is a more recent phenomenon and has therefore not been considerably developed.[21] Historically, the use was impeded by the status of Gorani as koiné among Kurds which meant that speakers of Laki wrote their poetry in Gorani.[22] Nonetheless, some early Laki works include the quatrainal-shi'r bi-l-fahlawīya (year 716 in hijri) which was preserved in a 14th-century manuscript, and Jang-i Hamawan which was a freely adapted Laki version of the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi.[23]Mele Perîşan (1356–1431) also wrote his diwan in Gorani influenced by Laki.[24]
The most well-known manzuma in Laki is Darcenge written by Sayid Nushad Abu al-Wafa'i, a fellow of Sultan Sahak and contemporary of Nader Shah. The Darcenge contained questions concerning the events taking place in the world with sophisticated answers. This period also saw many Laki versions of the Kalâm-e Saranjâm.[25]
In addition, there are many manuscripts titled Kule bad meaning 'the continuous wind' scattered around the region. These manuscripts appeared numerously in the late 16th century and early 17th century and were used to express benediction on nature and to request a wind which was appropriate for agricultural reasons. Important names from the 18th to the 20th century include Najaf Kalhuri (1739–1799), Tirkamir (d. 1815), Yaqub Maydashti,[26] Mila Manuchichr Kuliwand and Mila Haqq Ali Siyahpush.[27]
↑Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Laki-Kurdish". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑"Kurdish". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2 April 2026.
Ahmadzadeh, Hashem (2021), "From the Wandering Poets to the Stateless Novelists: A Short Introduction to Kurdish Literary History", in Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Kurds, Oxford University Press, ISBN9781108473354
Department of Studies and Planning of Lorestan Province, سیمای عشایر استان لرستان(PDF) (in Persian), تهیه وتنظیم: اداره مطالعات وبرنامه ریزی, archived from the original(PDF) on 20 April 2021, retrieved 13 August 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Hamzeh’ee, M. Rezaa (1990), The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-historical Study of a Kurdish Community, K. Schwarz, ISBN9783922968832
Mirdehghan, Mahinnaz; Moradkhani, Simin (2010), "Personal Pronouns in the Kakavandi Laki Dialect of Harsin (Kermanshah, Iran)", Iranian Studies, 43 (4): 513–531, doi:10.1080/00210862.2010.495569, S2CID162366860
Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000), Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte (in German), 200, ISBN3895001503{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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