↑Fuchs, Eckhardt (2017). A New Modern History of East Asia. hlm.146.
↑William C. Johnstone, "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China" American Political Science Review (1937) 31#5 pp. 942-948 online
Daftar Pustaka
Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858–1899 oleh J.E. Hoare (RoutledgeCurzon, 1995) ISBN 978-1-873410-26-4.