Pakpak language Austronesian language spoken in Sumatra, Indonesia
Pakpak , or Batak Dairi , is an Austronesian language of Sumatra . It is spoken in Dairi Regency , Pakpak Bharat Regency , Pakkat, Parlilitan, and Tarabintang districts in Humbang Hasundutan Regency , Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency , Subulussalam City , and Aceh Singkil Regency .
Dairi Batak syllables in Batak script . Phonology
Consonants
A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ ʔ ] Vowels
Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ [ 2]
To differentiate between the three e sounds, [ə, e, ɛ], Manik used ⟨ é⟩ ⟨ è⟩ ⟨ e⟩ References
↑ Pakpak at Ethnologue (subscription required) ↑ Simbolon, Apul; Tinambunan, Raman; Pardede, Bertha (1978). Fonologi bahasa Batak Dairi . Medan: Proyek Penelitian Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link )
Further reading
Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). Kamus bahasa Dairi Pakpak - Indonesia Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [ Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language ] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id. Basaria, Ida (2002). Analisis Morfologi Verba Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [ Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs ] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara. Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Pakpak [ Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language ] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara. Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling . Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi :10.1163/9789004261730 . ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0 Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). Analisis Morfologi Verba Transitif Bahasa Pakpak Dairi [ Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language ] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Greater Barito *
Sumatran *
Lampungic Madurese Bali–Sasak Isolates
* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
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