This article is about JL-1 (Jù Làng-1), submarine-launched ballistic missile. For Jīng Léi-1 (JL-1), the air-launched ballistic missile, see JL-1 (air-launched ballistic missile).
The Julang-1 (Chinese:巨浪-1; pinyin:Jù Làng Yī; lit.'Huge Wave-1', also known as the JL-1; NATO reporting name CSS-N-3) was China's first generation nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The JL-1 and its warheads are believed to be retired and dismantled.
History
On 26 March 1967, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission began working on the SLBM JL-1 (Julang, "Great Wave").[1]:115 The Ninth Academy simultaneously conceptualized a smaller thermonuclear warhead for the missile.[1]:115 In 1970, the Ninth Academy completed a theoretical design for the thermonuclear warhead.[1]:115
The general designer of the missile was Huang Weilu,[2] and Chen Deren (Chinese:陈德仁, 1922 – 21 December 2007) served as his deputy. The missile was assembled at Factory 307 (now Nanjing Dawn Group [南京晨光集团]).[citation needed]
The JL-1 was initially tested and deployed on the PLAN's modified Golf class SSB. The Golf has since been modified again for further testing of other missiles, such as the JL-2, which has test-launched multiple times with varying levels of success.[citation needed]
The DF-21 appears to be a land-based version of the JL-1.
A 2011 US Department of Defense described the operational status of the JL-1 as "questionable".[3] As of 2018, the JL-1 and its warheads are believed to have been retired and dismantled.[4]
123Zhang, Hui (2025). The Untold Story of China's Nuclear Weapon Development and Testing: A Technical History. Belfer Center Studies in International Security. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN978-0-262-05182-8.
↑Taylor, Marcus; Tamerlani, Eric; Farnsworth, Timothy (June 2013). "Pentagon Sees China Progressing on SLBM". Arms Control Today. 43 (5). Arms Control Association: 31–32. JSTOR23629520.
Norris, Robert, Burrows, Andrew, Fieldhouse, Richard "Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume V, British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons, San Francisco, Westview Press, 1994, ISBN0-8133-1612-X
Lewis, John Wilson and Xue Litai, "China's Strategic Seapower: The Politics of Force Modernization in the Nuclear Age," Stanford, 1994.
