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Bambalang language

Grassfields language spoken in Cameroon

Bambalang
Chrambo
Region	Cameroon
Ethnicity	Bamileke
Native speakers	29,000 (2008)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Grassfields Eastern Grassfields Mbam-Nkam Nun Bambalang
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`bmo`
Glottolog	`bamb1265`

The Bambalang language, also called Chrambo (Chirambo, Tshirambo) or Mbawyakum (Mboyakum),^[2] is a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon.

Phonology

Consonants

These phones and phonemes were enumerated by Grove in 2007 and refined by Wright in 2012.^[3]

Phonemes
		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Stop/Affricate	Voiceless	/p/	/pː/	/t/	/tː/	/t͡ʃ/	/t͡ʃː/	/k/	/kː/
Stop/Affricate	Voiced						/d͡ʒː/		/gː/
Fricative	Voiceless	/f/	/fː/			/ʃ/	/ʃː/			/h/
Fricative	Voiced	/v/	/vː/					/ɣ/
Nasal		/m/	/mː/	/n/	/nː/	/ɲ/		/ŋ/
Approximant				/l/	/lː/	/j/		/w/

Phones
		Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Stop/Affricate	Voiceless	[p]	[pʰ]	[t]	[tʰ]	[t͡ʃ]	[t͡ʃː]	[k]	[kʰ]	[ʔ]^[a]
Stop/Affricate	Voiced	[b]^[b]	[bʰ]	[d]^[c]	[dʰ]	[d͡ʒ]^[d]	[d͡ʒː]	[g]^[e]	[gː]
Fricative	Voiceless	[f]	[fː]			[ʃ]	[ʃː]			[h]
Fricative	Voiced	[v]	[vː]					[ɣ]
Tap				[ɾ]^[f]
Nasal		[m]~[ɱ]^[g]	[mː]	[n]	[nː]	[ɲ]		[ŋ]
Approximant				[l]	[lː]	[j]~[ʒ]	[ɥ]^[h]~[w]

↑ [ʔ] is the allophone of /k/ in a CVCV structure.
↑ [b] is an always prenasalized allophone of /p/.
↑ [d] is an always prenasalized allophone of /l/.
↑ [d͡ʒ] is an allophone of /j/ before /n/.
↑ [g] is an allophone of /ɣ/ after a nasal.
↑ [ɾ] is an allophone of /l/ in a consonant cluster or a CVCV structure.
↑ [ɱ] is an allophone of /m/ before labiodental consonants.
↑ [ɥ] is an allophone of /w/ before /i/.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/ /ĩ/	/ɨ/ /ɨ̃/	/u/ /ũ/
Close-mid	/e/		/o/ /õ/
Mid		/ə/ /ə̃/
Open-mid	/ɛ/ /ɛ̃/		/ɔ/
Open	/a/ /ã/

Diphthongs

In addition to simple oral and nasal vowels, Bambalang also has oral and nasal diphthongs and vowel sequences.^[4] Grove and Wright do not specify whether nasal diphthongs are truly diphthongs or vowel sequences.

Orthographic	Phonemic	Phonetic
ei	/ei/	[ei̯]
ou	/ou/	[ou̯]
ao	/ao/	[ao̯]
əɨ	/əɨ/	[ə.ɨ]
ie	/ie/	[i.e]
ia	/ia/	[i.a]
ua	/ua/	[u.a]
uo	/uo/	[u.o]
aoŋ	/aõ/
ɛiŋ	/ɛĩ/
ieŋ	/iẽ/
iɛŋ	/iɛ̃/
iaŋ	/iã/
uoŋ	/uõ/

Tone

In addition, Bambalang has both lexical and grammatical tone.^[5]

Tones in Bambalang


Tone	High (H)	Low (L)*		Rising (LH)	Falling (HL)
Diacritic	á	à	ā	ǎ	a

*ā for verbs; à for other types of words^[5]

Orthography

A segmental orthography was created for Bambalang in 2007 and revised in 2012.^[6]

Orthography^[7]
Upper	Lower	Phone
A	a	[a]
B	b	[b]
Ch	ch	[t͡ʃ]
D	d	[d]
E	e	[e]
Ɛ	ɛ	[ɛ]
Ə	ə	[ə]
F	f	[f]
G	g	[g]
Gh	gh	[ɣ]
H	h	[h]
I	i	[i]
Ɨ	ɨ	[ɨ]
J	j	[d͡ʒ]
K	k	[k]
L	l	[l]
M	m	[m], [ɱ]
N	n	[n]
Ŋ	ŋ	[ŋ], [◌̃]
O	o	[ɔ]
Ɔ	ɔ	[ɔ]
P	p	[p]
R	r	[ɾ]
Sh	sh	[ʃ]
T	t	[t]
U	u	[u], [y]
V	v	[v]
W	w	[w], [y]
Y	y	[ʒ]~[j]
’		[ʔ]

References

↑ Bambalang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Binam Bikoi (2012)
↑ Grove & Wright (2012:5–8)
↑ Grove & Wright (2012:15)
1 2 Grove & Wright (2012:16)
↑ Grove & Wright (2012:3)
↑ Grove & Wright (2012:5–7)

Works cited

Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
Grove, Dan; Wright, Jennifer (June 2012). "Bambalang (Chrambo) Orthography Guide" (PDF) (Revised ed.). SIL.

Ayafor, Vera. The Structural Phonology of Cirambo (Thesis). Yaoundé: University of Yaoundé I.
Luider, Jennifer (December 2009). "A Phonological Sketch of the Bambalang (Chrambo) Language" (PDF). SIL.
Wright, Jennifer (2009). "The Noun and Verb Phrase in Chrambo (Bambalang)" (PDF). SIL.
Wright, Jennifer (2011). "Tone in the Verb Phrase in Chrambo (Bambalang)" (PDF). SIL.
Wright, Jennifer (June 2012). "Testing and Revising a Tone Orthography Proposal for Chrambo (Bambalang)" (PDF). SIL.

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Pidgins	Cameroonian Pidgin English Camfranglais Ewondo Populaire Arabic
Indigenous and Immigrant languages	Chadian Arabic Afade Aghem Babanki Bafaw-Balong Bafia Baka Baldemu Bamali Bambalang Bana Bangolan Bankon Bata Bati Batu Bebele Bebil Beti Bikya Bishuo Bitare Bomwali Bonkeng Bube Bung Buwal Byep Caka Ceve Chamba Leko Cuvok Daba Dowayo Ɗugwor Duli Eman Esimbi Eton Evant Faʼ Fang Fanji Feʼfeʼ Fut Gawar Ghomalaʼ Gidar Glavda Gude Gunu Gvoko Hausa Hdi Hijuk Hina Hya Ipulo Iyive Jimi Jina Kaalong Kako Kali Kanuri Kare Kasabe Kera Ki Kogo Kol Koma Kpwe Kuo Kutin Kwaʼ Kwakum Kwasio Laʼbi Lagwan Limba Limbum Luo Maɗa Mafa Majera Makaa Malgbe Manenguba Mangbai Manza Maslam Massa Matal Mazagway Mbəʼ Mboa Mbudum Mbuko Mbule Mbum Mefele Məgaka Mengisa Menyam Merey Mesaka Mfumte Mofu-Gudur Moloko Mono Mpade Mpumpong Mser Mundang Mungaka Musgu Muyang Nagumi Ndaʼndaʼ Ndai Nen Ngaʼka Ngambay Ngiemboon Ngomba Ngombale Ngwe Nimbari Njem Njerep Nkongho Noho Noni North Giziga North Mofu Northwest Gbaya Nyokon Nyong Nzakambay Nzanyi Nzime Oblo Oroko Pam Papia Parkwa Pinyin Pol Pongo Psikyɛ Rombi Sharwa South Giziga Suwu Swo Tibea Tikar To Tsuvan Tupuri Vame Vemgo-Mabas Vengo Vere Voko Wom Wuzlam Yamba Yambe Yasa Yedina Yemba Yeni Zizilivakan Zulgo-Gemzek Zumaya
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See also: General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages