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One-party state
State where only one party may form a government
For a political party that dominates the political system under a nominal liberal democratic system, see Dominant-party system. This article is about explicit one-party states. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see One-party consent states. "Party-state" redirects here. For the party-state political system in the Republic of China, see Dang Guo.
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A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or have limited and controlled participation in elections. The expression "de facto one-party" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]
Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population;[3] however, this is not a universal rule, as some one-party states, such as Zaire under Mobutu, made the entire citizenry members of the party. Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into multi-party democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[4] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for independent candidates to stand for election in competition with party candidates. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[5] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[6] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[7]
One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[8] To account for this, the governments have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[9] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[10] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[10] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[10] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[4] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[7] Data on one-party governments can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[5]
Official one-party states
The following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
| Country | Head of party | Leader title | Party | Ideology | Date of establishment | Duration | Constitutional basis | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 China[11] |
.jpg) |
General Secretary |  Chinese Communist Party |
Socialism with Chinese characteristics Marxism-Leninism |
1 October 1949 | 76 years, 227 days | Article 1 of the Constitution: "Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics."[12] | Eight minor non-oppositional parties, officially termed "democratic parties," have legal status as part of the "united front" system, but their leadership is determined by the Chinese Communist Party's United Front Work Department.[13] |
 Cuba[14] |
.jpg) |
First Secretary |  Communist Party of Cuba |
Marxism–Leninism Castroism Guevarism Left-wing nationalism |
3 October 1965 | 65 years, 30 days | Article 5 of the Constitution: "The Communist Party of Cuba, unique, Martiano, Fidelista, and Marxist-Leninist, the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, sustained in its democratic character as well as its permanent linkage to the people, is the superior driving force of the society and the State." | |
 Eritrea[15] |
.jpg) |
Chairperson |  People's Front for Democracy and Justice |
Eritrean nationalism Statism Left-wing nationalism |
16 February 1994 | 32 years, 89 days | The People's Front for Democracy and Justice is the only party in Eritrea. The 1997 Constitution has not been enforced.[16] | |
 Laos[17] |
_01.jpg) |
General Secretary |  Lao People's Revolutionary Party |
Kaysone Phomvihane Thought Marxism-Leninism |
2 December 1975 | 50 years, 165 days | Article 3 of the Constitution: "The rights of the multi-ethnic people to be the masters of the country are exercised and ensured through the functioning of the political system with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party as its leading nucleus." | |
 North Korea[18] |
_12_(cropped).jpg) |
General Secretary |  Workers' Party of Korea |
Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism Juche Communism |
9 September 1948 | 77 years, 249 days | Article 11 of the Constitution: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall conduct all activities under the leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea." | Two minor parties are legally recognised, but are under the control of the Workers' Party of Korea[19] |
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |
 |
Secretary General | Polisario Front |
Sahrawi nationalism Arab socialism |
27 February 1976 | 50 years, 78 days | Article 32 of the Constitution: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State." | State with limited recognition, headquartered in Algeria |
 Vietnam[20] |
_(cropped).jpg) |
General Secretary |  Communist Party of Vietnam |
Ho Chi Minh Thought Marxism-Leninism |
2 September 1945[note 1] | 80 years, 256 days | Article 4 of the Constitution: " Communist Party of Vietnam - the Vanguard of the working class, concurrently the vanguard of the labouring people and Vietnamese nation, faithfully representing the interests of the working class, labouring people and entire nation, and acting upon the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Ho Chi Minh Thought, is the force leading the State and society." | Two minor parties, the Democratic Party of Vietnam and Socialist Party of Vietnam, had legal status within the Vietnam Fatherland Front until 1988. |
Former one-party states
See also
Notes
- ↑ Previously known as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 2 September 1945 to 25 April 1976.[21] Reunified with the Republic of South Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[22][23]
- ↑ The Republic of China controlled the mainland from 1912 to 1949 and the island of Taiwan since 1945, in which the ROC currently administers the Free area. This government served China in the United Nations from 1945 to 1971. See Political status of Taiwan and the One-China policy for various viewpoints.
- ↑ Following the appointment of Marcelo Caetano as Prime Minister in 1968, the opposition was allowed to run to the 1969 Portuguese legislative election, before being banned.
- ↑ While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remained a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtailed independent political activities.
References
- ↑ Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (23 March 2012). Principles of Comparative Politics. SAGE. p. 611. ISBN 9781608716791.
- ↑ "One-Party". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ Angiolillo, Fabio (27 April 2023). "Introducing the One-Party Membership Dataset: A dataset on party membership in autocracies". Journal of Peace Research. 61 (4): 694–708. doi:10.1177/00223433231155278. ISSN 0022-3433.
- 1 2 Magaloni, Beatriz; Kricheli, Ruth (1 May 2010). "Political Order and One-Party Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 13 (1): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529. ISSN 1094-2939.
- 1 2 Creak, Simon; Barney, Keith (10 August 2018). "Conceptualising Party-State Governance and Rule in Laos". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 48 (5): 693–716. doi:10.1080/00472336.2018.1494849. ISSN 0047-2336. S2CID 158403649.
- ↑ Hassan, Mai; Mattingly, Daniel; Nugent, Elizabeth R. (12 May 2022). "Political Control". Annual Review of Political Science. 25 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 241393914.
- 1 2 Malesky, Edmund; Schuler, Paul (26 October 2011). "The Single-Party Dictator's Dilemma: Information in Elections without Opposition". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 36 (4): 491–530. doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00025.x. ISSN 0362-9805.
- ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
- ↑ Frantz, Erica. Authoritarianism : what everyone needs to know. ISBN 978-0-19-756964-1. OCLC 1202872902.
- 1 2 3 Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (1 June 2009). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science. 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ↑ "China", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 January 2023, archived from the original on 17 February 2023, retrieved 5 February 2023
- ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". english.www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 6 November 2025. Retrieved 6 November 2025.
- ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (11 June 2021). "Communist Party is not China's only political party – there are eight others". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ↑ Roman, Peter (2003). People's Power: Cuba's Experience with Representative Government. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2564-3.
- ↑ "Eritreans hope for democracy after peace deal with Ethiopia". BBC News. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch (22 December 2021), Eritrea: Events of 2021, retrieved 4 February 2022
- ↑ "Laos: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ↑ "North Korea: Country Profile". Freedom House. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ↑ Tertitskiy, Fyodor (26 November 2014). "Being a minor party in the North". NK News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ↑ "Vietnam: Country Profile". Freedom House. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ↑ "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy – 551 Words | Bartleby". Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ↑ Dror, Olga (2020). "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 42 (2): 311–313. doi:10.1355/cs42-2j. JSTOR 26937807. S2CID 225324132. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ↑ "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung". 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
- ↑ Afghanistan: A Country Study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3.
- ↑ "Afghanistan 1977". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
- ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
- ↑ British Documents on Foreign Affairs. Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan. Volume 7. October 1947-December 1948. University Publications of America. 2001. p. 45. ISBN 155655768X.
- ↑ Mokam, David (2012). "The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (23): 85–108. doi:10.4000/cea.533. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ↑ Vehesh, M. M.; Palinchak, M. M.; Marchuk, V. V.; Kontsur-Karabinovych, N. M. (2020). Carpathian Ukraine in the Central European political crisis on the eve of World War II (1938-1939): collective monograph (PDF). Liha-Pres. pp. 21, 22, 24. ISBN 9789663972121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
- ↑ Токар, М. (2004). "Становлення партійної монополії Українського Національного Обʼєднання" (PDF). Науковий Вісник Ужгородського Університету. Серія: Історія (11): 106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023.
- ↑ "Central African Republic Unions Strike for Democracy 1990-1993 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ↑ Schneiderman, Harry (1938). "Danzig". The American Jewish Year Book. 40: 226–228. JSTOR 23602316. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ↑ Hepburn, A. (7 April 2004). Contested Cities in the Modern West. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-53674-6.
- ↑ Delzell, Charles Floyd (18 June 1971). Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-00240-5.
- ↑ "Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari, Kristina. POLITINIŲ PARTIJŲ TEISINIO STATUSO RAIDA LIETUVOJE 1918–1940 M. Doctoral dissertation. p. 1937". Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- 1 2 MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007). China at War: Regions of China, 1937-45. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5509-2.
- ↑ Bozarslan, Hamit (2019). "Afterword: Talaat's Empire: A Backward Country, but a State Well Ahead of Its Time". End of the Ottomans - The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I. B. Tauris. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-7867-3604-8.
- 1 2 "Portugal > History and Events > Date Table > Second Republic". portugal-info.net. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ↑ Raby, D. L. (1988). Fascism and Resistance in Portugal: Communists, Liberals and Military Dissidents in the Opposition to Salazar, 1941-1974. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2514-3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Henderson, Jane (4 May 2011). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84731-648-6.
- ↑ Kumar, Kundan (2003). Ideology And Political System. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-638-7.
- ↑ "BOE-A-1976-11502 Ley 21/1976, de 14 de junio, sobre el Derecho de Asociación Política". www.boe.es. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ↑ "Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ↑ Chulov, Martin (27 February 2012). "Syrian regime rockets bombard Homs". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ↑ Lucas, Scott (25 February 2021). "How Assad Regime Tightened Syria's One-Party Rule". EA Worldview. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
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