Kebudayaan Sintashta (bahasa Rusia:Синташтинская культураcode: ru is deprecated , translit.Sintashtinskaya kul'tura) yang pernah berlangsung sekitar tahun 2050–1900 SM, adalah tahap pertama dari Kebudayaan Sintashta–Petrovka[1] atau Kebudayaan Sintashta–Arkaim,[2] dan merupakan suatu kebudayaan arkeologis yang pernah ada pada Zaman Perunggu Pertengahan Akhir[3] terletak di Pegunungan Ural Selatan, di Stepa Eurasia. Seluruh Kawasan Sintashta–Petrovka diteliti tahap dan penanggalan dalam karya penelitian terbaru oleh Stephan Lindner, berdasarkan serangkaian 19 sampel penanggalan radiokarbon yang diperkirakan pada tahun 2050–1750 SM.[4][5] Tahap kebudayaan Petrovka diperkirakan pernah berlangsung pada tahun 1900–1750 SM.[6][7] Analisis tertua yang dapat diandalkan dari sisa-sisa tulang-belulang manusia dari Sintashta adalah radiokarbon dengan tanggal rata-rata 2198±66 SM (2335–2041 calBC), dan dianalisis secara genetika sebagai Y-haplogroup R1a-Z93 < R-Z2124.[8]
Kebudayaan ini dianggap mewakili migrasi ke timur masyarakat dari Kebudayaan Barang Kawat. Kebudayaan Sintashta secara luas dianggap sebagai asal mula Indo-Iran.[14][15]Kereta perang paling awal yang diketahui telah ditemukan di pemakaman Sintashta, dan kebudayaan ini dianggap sebagai kandidat kuat untuk asal-usul teknologi kereta perang yang menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan memainkan peran penting dalam peperangan kuno.[16][17] Pemukiman Sintashta juga dikenal karena banyaknya penambangan tembaga dan pengolahanperunggu yang dilakukan di sana, yang tidak biasa untuk kebudayaan stepa lainnya.[18] Di antara ciri-ciri utama budaya Sintashta adalah militerisme tingkat tinggi dan permukiman berbenteng yang luas, 23 di antaranya diketahui.[19]
↑Lindner, Stephan, (2020). "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC", in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 367: "...The 12 calibrated radiocarbon dates belonging to the Sintashta horizon range between 2050 and 1760 cal BC (at 95.4% confidence; Epimakhov & Krause 2013: 137). These dates correlate well with the seven AMS-sampled Sintashta graves in the associated KA-5cemetery, which date to 2040–1730 cal BC (95.4% confidence...)".
↑Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age", in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.27: Five AMS dates for Petrovka culture are "within the range 1880-1750 BC...", these are dates of two sites, Ustye and Kulevchi (Molodin et al., 2014, p.142), "which are located on the territory of Sintashta culture..."
↑Lindner, Stephan, (2020). "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC", in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 364: "...Indeed, a new radiocarbon series has confirmed the position of the Petrovka stage in the nineteenth to eighteenth centuries BC (Krause et al. 2019). Recent research at the enclosed settlement of Kamennyj Ambar in the Karagajly Ajat River valley (Chelyabinsk Oblast) supports this stratigraphic evidence, based on the existence of different occupation phases...."
↑Allentoft, ME (11 Juni 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. Nature Research. 522 (7555): 167–172. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103
↑Chernykh, E. N., (2009). Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt Cultures: Viewed Through the Lens of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating, in B. Hanks & K. Linduff (eds.), Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals and Mobility, Cambridge University Press, pp. 128–133.
↑Ventresca Miller, Alicia R., et al., (2020 b). "Ecosystems Engineering Among Ancient Pastoralists in Northern Central Asia", in Frontiers in Earth Science, Volume 8, Article 168, 2 June 2020, p. 6: "...Middle Bronze Age (2400–1800 cal BCE) people, often referred to as Sintashta, constructed nucleated settlements, with population estimates ranging from 200 to 700 individuals..."
↑Raulwing, Peter (2000). Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans – Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány
↑Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. ISBN978-615-5766-30-5
Anthony, D. W. (2009). "The Sintashta Genesis: The Roles of Climate Change, Warfare, and Long-Distance Trade". Dalam Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (ed.). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility. Cambridge University Press. hlm.47–73. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005. ISBN978-0-511-60537-6.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press
Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (2009). "Late Prehistoric Mining, Metallurgy, and Social Organization in North Central Eurasia". Dalam Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (ed.). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility. Cambridge University Press. hlm.146–167. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005. ISBN978-0-511-60537-6.
Koryakova, L. (1998a). "Sintashta-Arkaim Culture". The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2019-02-28. Diakses tanggal 16 September 2010.
