ISO/IEC 14443Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Proximity cards is an international standard that defines proximity cards used for identification, and the transmission protocols for communicating with it.[1][2][3][4] The development of ISO/IEC 14443 began in the early 1990s, driven by the growing need for secure and efficient short-range wireless communication technologies for identification and payment systems. ISO/IEC 14443 is called contactless short-range standard with a higher RF speed compared to some other RFID standard such as ISO/IEC 15693.
ISO/IEC 14443-1:2018 Part 1: Physical characteristic[1]
ISO/IEC 14443-2:2020 Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface[2]
ISO/IEC 14443-3:2018 Part 3: Initialization and anticollision[3]
ISO/IEC 14443-4:2018 Part 4: Transmission protocol[4]
Types
Cards may be Type A and Type B, both of which communicate via radio at 13.56MHz (RFID HF). The main differences between these types concern modulation methods, coding schemes (Part 2) and protocol initialization procedures (Part 3). Both Type A and Type B cards use the same transmission protocol (described in Part 4). The transmission protocol specifies data block exchange and related mechanisms:
data block chaining
waiting time extension
multi-activation
ISO/IEC 14443 uses the following terms for components:
Type B cards use ASK with NRZ coding for reader-to-tag communication and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) with NRZ-L encoding for tag-to-reader communication.[5][6]
Both Type A and Type B cards only allow half duplex communication with a 106 kbit per second data rate in each direction. Data transmitted by the card is load modulated with a 847.5 kHz subcarrier.[7] (847.5 kHz is one-sixteenth of the 13.56 carrier frequency provided by the reader.
Comparison of Type A & Type B Cards
(Reader to Card Communication)
Feature
Type A
Type B
Frequency
13.56 MHz
13.56 MHz
Modulation
100% ASK
10% ASK
Bit Coding
Modified Miller
NRZ-L (Non-Return-to-Zero-Level)
Data Rate
106 kbps
106 kbps
Comparison of Type A & Type B Cards
(Card to Reader Communication)
Feature
Type A
Type B
Modulation
Load Modulation
Load Modulation
Bit Coding (Modulation)
OOK (On-Off Keying)
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)
Subcarrier Frequency
847 kHz
847 kHz
Bit Coding (Data)
Manchester
NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero)
Data Rate
106 kbps
106 kbps
Physical size
Part 1 of the standard specifies that the card shall be compliant with ISO/IEC 7810 or ISO/IEC 15457-1, or "an object of any other dimension".[1]
