History
Frontier was announced on 12 April 2022 as a nine-year AMC to create a demand signal for permanent CDR.[1] McKinsey Sustainability noted the founders’ initial US$925 million commitment the following day.[3]
On 12 April 2023, Autodesk, H&M Group, JPMorgan Chase and Workday joined Frontier, adding US$100 million and bringing total purchasing commitments above US$1 billion.[4][5][6]
In May 2023, Frontier buyers signed their first large offtake: US$53 million with Charm Industrial to remove 112,000 tons of CO2 (2024–2030).[7][8]
In November 2023, Frontier facilitated its first DAC offtakes: US$46.6–47 million with Heirloom and CarbonCapture for a combined 72,000 tons.[9][10]
On 7 December 2023, Frontier buyers signed enhanced weathering offtakes with Lithos Carbon (US$57.1 million; 154,240 tons to 2028).[11][12]
In 2024, Frontier announced multiple offtakes, including US$58.3 million with Vaulted Deep for 152,480 tons (2024–2027),[13] US$48.6 million with Stockholm Exergi (BECCS) for deliveries in 2028–2030,[14] and US$40 million with 280 Earth (DAC).[15] In August 2024, Frontier published a standard offtake agreement template to reduce transaction costs for buyers and suppliers; law firm Orrick noted its advisory role.[16][17] The same year, Frontier buyers agreed the world’s first river-liming offtake with CarbonRun (US$25.4 million for 55,442 t CO2 to 2030).[18]
In 2025, Frontier facilitated a waste-to-energy BECCS offtake with Hafslund Celsio in Oslo (US$31.6 million; 100,000 tons for 2029–2030),[19] and announced a fifth round of prepurchases for ocean alkalinity and mineralization startups.[20] Reuters reported the prepurchase round and noted the coalition’s goals.[21]
On 27 February 2025 Frontier buyers signed the first electro-chemical DAC offtake with Phlair (US$30.6 million; 47,000 t by 2030).[22]
On 25 March 2025 an enhanced-weathering offtake with Eion (US$33 million; 78,707 t, 2027–2030) was announced.[23]
Frontier facilitated a US$41 million BECCS offtake with Arbor on 8 July 2025 for 116,000 t (2028–2030).[24]
Also in July 2025 Frontier revealed a fifth prepurchase round (US$1.75 million) with early-stage firms Karbonetiq, Limenet and pHathom.[25]
