Conconi test and Francesco Moser
Conconi, together with his assistant,s including Michele Ferrari, prepared Francesco Moser in his attempt to break the World Hour Record in January 1984. Conconi theorized that heart rate could be correlated with perceived exertion in order to allow Moser to cycle at the absolute maximum of his capability. Conconi found a point at which aerobic efficiency was overcome by the accumulation of lactic acid. At this "threshold" level, the ability of the athlete to sustain a maximum effort would be compromised. Conconi then set about developing a method to extend the "Anaerobic Threshold."[5] Conconi developed The Conconi test, which is also known as the ramp test, which measures heart rate at different predefined intensity levels.[6] The Conconi Point is the point of maximal steady state[7] or maximum heart rate a subject can have.[8] Professor Conconi was a great innovator in sports science and in his preparation of Moser. This preparation included blood doping, as Moser would later admit.[9] Conconi wrote a book about preparing Moser called Moser's Hour Records: A Human and Scientific Adventure (ISBN 9780941950268) in 1991. Ten years after breaking the Hour record, Conconi coached Moser to attempt to break the record a second time.[10] This idea came from a gentleman's bet between the two to see if Moser, under the guidance of Conconi, would be able to break his 1984 record ten years later. Moser was 43 years of age when he rode 51.840 kilometres in 60 minutes, thereby riding 689 metres beyond his record set in 1984.[11]
Introduction of EPO to cycling
At the Winter Olympics in 1994 in Lillehammer, Conconi gave a talk to members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and informed them about his work on an EPO test. He described how he had carried out controlled experiments with 23 amateur triathletes and other athletes with EPO treatments, but that he had not come up with a test to detect EPO use. The details of Conconi's subjects were later discovered by police after a raid at the University of Ferrara and revealed to be not amateurs but elite professionals, six of whom were from the Carrera Jeans–Tassoni cycling team.[12]
Conconi had listed subjects' names, gender, sport, date of analysis, as well as whether or not they were treated with EPO. Despite funding by CONI and the IOC to come up with an EPO detection test, Conconi was using the money to buy the drug and then administered it to athletes who were also paying Conconi.[12] Conconi is said to have made a technique to balance EPO, Blood Thinner and Human Growth Hormone in a mixture that Athletes could take safely and pass doping tests without testing positive. With this ability to safely take EPO, Donati estimated that 60 to 70% of the peloton used EPO in the mid-1990s.[13]
The team doctor of the Carrera cycling team, Dr. Giovanni Grazzi, worked with Conconi at the university in 1993[9] while the following year, 1994, another professional cycling team, Gewiss–Ballan, were connected to Conconi via doctors Michele Ferrari and Ilario Casoni. In addition, a number of well-known cycling stars were clients of the Institute.[2] The Gewiss team attracted a lot of negative attention when, after taking the whole podium in the La Flèche Wallonne Classic in 1994, Ferrari, in an interview with the French sports newspaper L'Équipe, was critical of the drug. He claimed that EPO had no "fundamental" effect on performance and that if a rider used it wouldn't "scandalize" himself. He also claimed EPO was not dangerous, only the abuse of it was dangerous, saying, "It's also dangerous to drink 10 litres of orange juice." The 'orange juice' comment has been widely misquoted.[14][15][16] Bjarne Riis the 1996 Tour de France winner was a rider of the Gewiss team and was treated with EPO in 1994 and 1995 in Conconi's Institute in Ferrara. During the 1996 season, Riis was coached with one of Conconi's assistants Cecchini and would win the Tour de France.[17]
It would be reported in the Rome-based newspaper, La Repubblica, in January 2000 that Conconi was involved with administering EPO to riders on the Carrera.[18] In March 2000 the Italian Judge Franca Oliva published a report detailing the conclusions of an investigation into a number of sports doctors including Professor Conconi.[19] This official judicial investigation concluded that the riders of the Carrera team were administered EPO in 1993.[12] The riders included Stephen Roche, Claudio Chiappucci,[20] Guido Bontempi, Rolf Sørensen, Mario Chiesa, Massimo Ghirotto and Fabio Roscioli.[9]
Files seized as part of the judicial investigation allegedly detail a number of aliases for former Tour de France, Giro d'Italia winner and World Champion Stephen Roche including Rocchi, Rossi, Rocca, Roncati, Righi and Rossini.[21]
In 1997, Claudio Chiappucci told prosecutor Vincenzo Scolastico that he had been using EPO since 1993, but later he recalled that statement.[22] Marco Pantani was part of the Carrera Jeans–Tassoni team and his hematocrit level displayed rises and falls which looked very suspicious. On 18 October 1995, Pantani was taken to hospital after an accident in the Milano–Torino race, where his hematocrit percentage of 60.1% whereas in the previous June it had been 45%.[23][24] At this time, there was no limit to the hematocrit level but the large fluctuation was suspicious.
