The 1903 advent of fixed-wing aircraft was followed in 1910 by the first flight of an aircraft from the deck of an anchored warship (the United States Navy's USSBirmingham), and in 1912, by the first flight of an aircraft from the deck of a warship underway (the Royal Navy's HMSHibernia). Seaplanes and seaplane tender support ships, such as HMSEngadine, followed. This evolution was well underway by the early 1920s, resulting in ships such as HMSArgus (1918), Hōshō (1922), USSLangley (1922), and Béarn (1927). With these developments, the need for specialized aircraft adapted for take-offs and landings from the flight decks of those ships became recognized.[citation needed]
The significance of air power grew between the wars, driven by the increased range, carrying power, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft, until it became impossible to disregard its importance during World War II, following the loss of many warships to aircraft, including the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse, the Battle of Taranto, the Attack on Pearl Harbor and numerous other incidents. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance.[2]
The vital importance of aircraft carriers, and therefore carrier-capable aircraft, quickly became apparent at the onset of the war in the Pacific where the US's island hopping campaign meant that being able to conduct air operations at sea far from an airbase was crucially important.[3] At the onset Japan used 125 Mitsubishi A6M Zeros launched from 6 aircraft carriers to attack the Naval base at Pearl Harbor,[4] with the result of sinking or damaging 21 warships, and destroying 188 aircraft.[5] The war saw the creation of new carrier capable aircraft such as the Vought F4U Corsair, and further variants of the Zero. Often carrier aircraft would have folding wings or wingtips to maximise space conservation on the decks of carriers.[6]
Carrier aircraft were used extensively during the Korean and Vietnam wars.[7]Douglas A-4 Skyhawks participated in the first strikes of the Vietnam War in response to attacks against American destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf in August 1964. The A-4's small size and light weight meant a high number could be loaded onto carriers, making them an important resource during the Vietnam war.[8]
On 19 November 2024, Baykar Bayraktar TB3 UAV successfully landed and took-off from the world's first military drone carrierTCG Anadolu.[9][10][11][12] It was the first time a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft of this size and class had successfully landed on a short-runway of a carrier ship.[13] On 18 February 2026, the Bayraktar TB3 successfully performed a flight demonstration from the TCG Anadolu in the Baltic region during NATO's Steadfast Dart 2026 exercise. The drone operated effectively in strong winds, freezing temperatures and heavy snowfall.[14] The drone also successfully hit surface targets at sea with two MAM-Lprecision-guided munitions.[15][16] After this, the Bayraktar TB3 also completed an eight-hour joint sortie with multiple Eurofighter Typhoon fighters of the German Air Force in Baltic Sea during the exercise. During this exercise with the Eurofighter Typhoons, the Bayraktar TB-3 was covered 1,700 kilometers on its mission. The drone also captured aerial video of the Eurofighter Typhoon using its ASELFLIR 500electro-optical reconnaissance, surveillance and targeting system made by the Turkish company Aselsan. This mission marked a significant integration of unmanned aerial vehicles with advanced fighter jets in a multinational drill with performing manned-unmanned teaming. The operation demonstrated the drone carrier TCG Anadolu's capability to operate effectively within high-intensity long-range alliance maneuvers.[17]
Early carrier-based aircraft are light aircraft by modern standards, and can perform takeoff and landing from an aircraft carrier's flight deck. Up to World War II, the weight of most shipborne fixed-wing aircraft allowed them to be launched from carriers under their own engine power, but might require assistance in braking the aircraft upon landing. Early aircraft catapults were installed on some warships but were used only to launch seaplanes when the ship was stationary or adequate wind over the deck could not be arranged by sailing into the wind. Even aircraft as large as the North American B-25 Mitchell were launched in this manner. This was possible because the ship's speed with even the lightest prevailing winds, combined with a low take-off speed allowed early aircraft to gain flying speed in a very short distance. The most extreme version of this was the battleship platforms used during the 1920s when small, World War I-era biplane fighters such as the Sopwith Camel were launched from only a few dozen feet long mounted atop of a battleship's forward gun turret.
Conventional propeller aircraft, such as the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Supermarine Spitfire, and Hawker Hurricane, were often delivered to overseas airbases by aircraft carrier. They would be loaded onto an aircraft carrier in port by cranes, flown off the carrier at sea near their destination under their own power, and land on a friendly airfield ashore. These were not usually combat missions but in some cases the launched aircraft provided air cover for the ship, and the aircraft could not be recovered by the carrier.
Even very large aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules have been successfully landed and launched from large aircraft carriers, but was done with no cargo and little fuel on board the aircraft.
Catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery (CATOBAR) is a system used for the launch and recovery of heavier aircraft (particularly jet aircraft) from the flight deck of an aircraft carrier via assisted take-off by an aircraft catapult. When taking off, the aircraft taxis itself in front of a jet blast deflector and the catapult shuttle is attached to its nose gear, and when released for launch, the catapult imparts a forward acceleration in addition to the aircraft's own propulsion, allowing it to achieve minimum takeoff speed quickly despite a very short runway. On landing, the approaching aircraft is guided by an optical landing system and decelerates by latching a tailhook onto one of the arresting wires. Although this system is more costly to build and maintain, it provides greater flexibility in carrier operations, since it allows the aircraft to operate with higher payloads. CATOBAR carriers currently include the United States Navy's Nimitz-class[2] and Gerald R. Ford-classsupercarriers, the French Navy's Charles de Gaulle, and the Chinese aircraft carrierFujian.
Most modern aircraft carrier flight decks are no longer than 330m (1,080ft), with barely half of that length being dedicated to take-offs while the rest are angled flight deck reserved as the landing runway and parking spaces. The use of catapults allows an aircraft carrier to not only launch heavy fixed-wing aircraft, but also from a runway distance less than 150m (490ft), from which take-offs would be otherwise be impossible. For example, the U.S. Navy launches its E-2 HawkeyeAEW aircraft and C-2A Greyhound cargo aircraft with catapults.
Short take-off but arrested recovery (STOBAR) is a system used for launching and recovery of aircraft by having them launch via an upward ramp known as a ski-jump, which imparts the aircraft a positive rate of climb upon take-off so it stays airborne longer for further acceleration under their own propulsion before finally achieving enough airspeed to continue flying. When landing, the aircraft uses tailhook and arresting gears just like the CATOBAR system. The STOBAR systems allow aircraft to be launched from carriers without catapults, and are cheaper and less sophisticated to construct and maintain than CATOBAR systems, but the trade-off is a lower maximum takeoff weight of the launched aircraft, which often have to reduce payload of fuel and ordnance, thus decreasing the practical radius of action and firepower of the carrier air wing. STOBAR carriers currently in service include the Kuznetsov-class aircraft carriers of the Russian Navy and ChinesePeople's Liberation Army Navy, who operate the Su-33 and J-15multirole fighters, respectively; and the Indian Navy's Vikramaditya and Vikrant, both of which will operate MiG-29Ks.[citation needed]
Short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft perform short-distance take-offs usually by means of ski-jumps, but perform thrust vectoring-assisted vertical landing. STOVL use usually allows aircraft to carry a larger payload as compared to during VTOL use, while avoiding the complexity of catapult and arrestor gears. The best known example is the Hawker Siddeley Harrier Jump Jet,[18] despite being capable of VTOL take-offs, is usually operated as a STOVL aircraft to increase its fuel and weapons load.
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