Upon completing his PhD in 1995, Nathans became an assistant professor of History and Jewish Studies at Indiana University Bloomington.[7] He remained there until 1998, when he became a faculty member in the Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania.[4] As the M. Mark and Esther K. Watkins Assistant Professor in the Humanities, Nathans published Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia in 2002. The book, which won the 2003 Koret Jewish Book Award, focused on Jews who lived, literally or figuratively, outside the Pale of Settlement in Russia.[9][10]