The Guayaneco Archipelago is thought to have been a cohabitational contact zone between different canoe-faring indigenous peoples living north and south of it. Anthropologist John Montgomery Cooper points out that it possibly made up a "meeting ground of quasi-friendly bilingual tribes".[3]
Northern tribes such as the Chonos, Huilliche, and the Spanish of Chiloé called the sea-faring people of the area of Wager Island "Caucahue" in colonial times.[8] They spoke a language different from Chono and according to historian Ximena Urbina and co-workers, the Caucahue are essentially ancient Kawésqar.[9]
On 18 September 1740, the British warship HMSWager (a part of Commodore George Anson's squadron) departed St Helens with a crew of 160 men[10] along with a large number of invalids and marines.[11] After becoming embayed in the Gulf of Penas just south of the Taitao Peninsula, Wager ran aground at what would become known as Wager Island on 14 May 1741.[12][13] Initially, about 140 men survived, making it to the island in ship's boats.[14] By the end of June, many of these men had died on the island from starvation, drowning, hypothermia, and trauma.[15]
After many arduous months, two groups of castaways eventually departed Wager Island. The first group, consisting of 81 mutineers,[16] departed Wager Island on 13 October 1741.[17][18] Of this group, 30 men[19] arrived in Río Grande, Brazil, on 28 January 1742.[20] One of these men died shortly after arriving at Río Grande.[21]
A second group of men (11 castaways and one Indian guide) departed Wager Island on 6 March 1742.[22] Guided by the Chono cheftain Martín Olleta,[23] the group navigated through Presidente Ríos Lake in the interior of Taitao Peninsula instead of rounding to the west of the treacherous Tres Montes Peninsula.[24][25] Of this group, three survivors (Captain David Cheap, midshipman John Byron, and midshipman Alexander Campbell) arrived in Chiloé Island, Chile,[26][27] in early June 1742.[28] One final survivor (Marine Lieutenant Thomas Hamilton) was rescued and brought to Chiloé Island by a Spanish search party about three months later.[26] Altogether, only 36 men returned alive to Britain, according to The Wager Disaster (2015) by Rear Admiral C. H. Layman.[29][15]
Fate of the wreck of HMS Wager
From late 1742 to 1769, the Spanish and the local indigenous people conducted multiple salvage expeditions on the wreck of HMS Wager. A Jesuit priest named Pedro Flores conducted a small salvage operation in late 1742, in which he recovered nearly 100kg (220lb) of iron.[30] The first large-scale salvage effort was the expedition of Mateo Abraham Evrard, which took place in 1743. Among the items recovered from this operation were ten iron six-pound cannons, four bronze three-pound cannons, an anchor, more than 100 cannonballs, 1000 musket balls, and three copper cauldrons.[31]
In 1779, Spanish missionaries Fray Benito Marín and Fray Julián Real found an indigenous settlement consisting of four dwellings that had been constructed on the beach close to the site of the wreck.[32]
The Scientific Exploration Society mounted an expedition in 2006 to locate what remained of the wreck. The team found, in shallow water, a 5 square metres (54 square feet) piece of wooden hull planking that appeared to be consistent with the construction of Wager.[33]
Geography
Detail of the "Centennial Atlas", published by the Land Survey Office of the Government of Chile in 1910
Wager Island is located in the Guayaneco Archipelago, 1,600 kilometres (990 miles) south of Santiago, in the southern part of the Gulf of Penas of the southern Pacific Ocean. It is 18 kilometres (11 miles) long on its NW-SE axis and 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) wide. Of the two main islands that make up the Guayaneco Archipelago, Byron Island is the larger, and Wager Island is the smaller. It is separated from Byron Island by Paso Rundle,[34] and separated from Islote San Pedro by Bahía Acosta.[35] Wager Island and Islote San Pedro form the northwestern terminus of the Messier Channel, while the Larenas Peninsula forms the northeastern terminus.[36] There is a lighthouse (NGA 2044) on Islote San Pedro. The Messier Channel is regularly traversed by large cargo ships and cruiseferries.[37][38]
Because the island is located between 46° and 60° south of the equator, it is classified as a subantarctic island. During the Llanquihue glaciation, advancing glaciers caused the forests to retreat far to the north. The region was gradually reforested starting about 10,000 years ago as the climate warmed and the glaciers retreated. Deglaciation was almost complete around 14,000 years ago.[39] Today, Wager Island consists of a series of highlands and ravines and has many steep headlands and promontories. Notable peaks include Monte Anson, with its summit at 377 metres (1,237 feet),[40] and Monte Wager, with its summit at 586 metres (1,923 feet).[1] The lower slopes of these mountains are covered with Magellanic subpolar forests.[41]
The nearest settlement is the village of Caleta Tortel, which is situated 107 kilometres (66 miles) to the east, while the nearest airport is Caleta Tortel Airport.
Apart from Caleta Tortel, the next closest settlement is the village of Villa Puerto Edén, 165 kilometres (103 miles) to the south. Villa Puerto Edén is among the most remote villages of southern Chile.[42]
Three tectonic plates (the Antarctica, South America and Nazca) meet at the Chile Triple Junction (CTJ), near the Taitao Peninsula. The Nazca and Antarctic plates are moving to the east, while the South American plate is moving to the west. This situation has resulted in the subsidence of the western edge of the South American plate, lowering it to its current level and producing the large number of islands that exist there today. Subduction of the Chile Ridge beneath the South American plate at the CTJ has caused a sequence of three ridge–continent collisions, starting about 5 million years ago.[43]
During the Llanquihue glaciation, the Guayaneco Archipelago was covered with glaciers, which carved deep valleys into the islands. Today, these glacial troughs are deep channels (such as the Messier Channel and the Fallos Channel) and fjords.[41]
↑Alvarez Abel, Ricardo (2002). "Reflexiones en torno a las identidades de las poblaciones canoeras, situadas entre los 44º y 48º de latitud sur, denominadas "chonos"". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, serie Ciencias Humanas (in Spanish). 30: 79–86.
↑Lange, D.; Cembrano, J.; Rietbrock, A.; Haberland, C.; Dahm, T.; Bataille, K (2008). "First seismic record for intra-arc strike-slip tectonics along the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes". Tectonophysics. 455 (1–4): 14. Bibcode:2008Tectp.455...14L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.014. hdl:10533/139825.
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