Bihar (/bɪˈhɑːr/) is a state in Eastern India, celebrated as the heart of ancient history. Known in antiquity as Magadha, it was the political powerhouse of the subcontinent for over a thousand years. 
     
   It is the birthplace of Buddhism and Jainism, and the seat of the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire. From the concept of non-violence (Ahimsa) to the invention of Zero, Bihar has played a pivotal role in civilization.

Government of Bihar operates under a parliamentary system.

Key communities based on the 2023 Caste-based Survey:

• EBC (36.01%): Includes Kewat, Nai, Teli, Kanu. Largest block.
• OBC (27.12%): Yadav (14.26%), Kushwaha (4.2%), Kurmi (2.8%).
• SC (19.65%): Dusadh (Paswan), Chamar (Ravidas), Musahar.
• General (15.52%): Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, Kayastha.
• ST (1.68%): Tharu, Santal, Gond.

• 
  Golghar (1786): 19th-century photo of the massive granary.
• 
  Ashoka Pillar: Erected by Emperor Ashoka (c. 250 BCE) at Vaishali.
• 
  Barabar Caves: Oldest surviving rock-cut cave in India.
• 
  Didarganj Yakshi: The 2300-year-old masterpiece of Indian art.
• 
  Nalanda University: Ruins of the ancient center of learning.
• 
  Mahabodhi Temple: UNESCO site where Buddha attained enlightenment.
• 
  Tomb of Sher Shah Suri: The "Taj Mahal of the East" in Sasaram.
• 
  Kesaria Stupa: The largest Buddhist stupa in the world.
• 
  Takht Sri Patna Sahib: Birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh.
• 
  Vishwa Shanti Stupa: Peace Pagoda in Rajgir.
• 
  Madhubani Art: Traditional Maithili folk painting.
• 
  Chhath: Devotees offering prayers to the setting sun.

• Agriculture: Major producers of Shahi Litchi, Makhana (Fox Nut), and Zardalu Mango.
• Industry:
  • Barauni Refinery (Oil).
  • Rail Wheel Plant at Bela.
  • Electric Locomotive Factory at Madhepura.

Bihar's calendar is defined by its spiritual roots.

• Chhath Puja: The state's most sacred festival dedicated to the Sun God; observed with a rigorous 4-day fast.
• Sonepur Mela: Asia's largest cattle fair, held on Kartik Poornima.
• Sama Chakeva: A winter festival in Mithila celebrating the brother-sister bond.
• Shravani Mela: A massive month-long pilgrimage to Deoghar.
• Makar Sankranti: Harvest festival marked by eating Dahi-Chuda and Tilkut.

• Patna: Capital & largest metropolis.
• Gaya: Religious hub.
• Muzaffarpur: Litchi production hub.
• Bhagalpur: The "Silk City".
• Darbhanga: Cultural capital of Mithila.

• Institutes of National Importance: IIT Patna, IIM Bodh Gaya, AIIMS Patna, NIT Patna.
• Universities: Patna University, Chanakya National Law University.

• Valmiki National Park: The state's only Tiger Reserve.
• Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary: In Bhagalpur.
• Circuits: Buddhist (Bodh Gaya), Sufi (Maner), Eco (Telhar Kund).

Famous for rustic flavors and the use of mustard oil.

• Litti Chokha: Roasted wheat balls stuffed with sattu, served with mashed vegetables.
• Ahuna Mutton: Meat slow-cooked in sealed earthen pots (Champaran style).
• Khaja: Crispy layered sweet from Silao (GI Tagged).
• Tilkut: Sesame and jaggery sweet famous in Gaya.
• Thekua: Deep-fried wheat cookie essential for Chhath Puja.
• Sattu Sharbat: The "energy drink" of Bihar made from roasted gram flour.

• Kabaddi: Patna Pirates are 3-time champions of Pro Kabaddi League.
• Cricket: Bihar cricket team (Ranji Trophy).
• Venues: Moin-ul-Haq Stadium, Rajgir International Cricket Stadium.