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Phosphinate

Phosphinate
Names
Sodium hypophosphite
Other names dihydrogenphosphate(I); hypophosphite
Identifiers
CAS Number	15460-68-1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	10449927
PubChem CID	4413076
UNII	238U65NZ04
InChI InChI=1S/H3O2P/c1-3-2/h3H2,(H,1,2)/p-1 Key: ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
SMILES [O-][PH2]=O
Properties
Chemical formula	H₂O₂P⁻
Molar mass	64.988 g·mol⁻¹
Related compounds
Related compounds	phosphite; phosphine oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Chemical compound

Phosphinates or hypophosphites are a class of phosphorus compounds conceptually based on the structure of hypophosphorous acid. IUPAC prefers the term phosphinate in all cases, however in practice hypophosphite is usually used to describe inorganic species (e.g. sodium hypophosphite), while phosphinate typically refers to organophosphorus species.

Hypophosphites

The hypophosphite ion is (H
₂PO
₂)⁻
. The salts are prepared by heating white phosphorus in warm aqueous alkali e.g. Ca(OH)₂:^[1]

P₄ + 2 Ca(OH)₂ + 4 H₂O → 2 Ca(H₂PO₂)₂ + 2 H₂

Hypophosphites are reducing agents:^[1]

(H
₂PO
₂)⁻
+ 3 OH⁻ → (HPO
₃)²⁻
+ 2 H₂O + 2 e⁻

Hypophosphites are used in electroless nickel plating as the reducing agent to deposit for example Ni metal from Ni salts.^[1] The hypophosphite ion is thermodynamically unstable, and disproportionates on heating to phosphine and phosphate salts:

2 H
₂PO
₂⁻
→ PH₃ + HPO
₄²⁻

Reactions

When heated, sodium hypophosphite disproportionates to PH₃, Na₂H₂P₂O₅, Na₂HPO₃, Na₄P₂O₇ and H₂.^[2]

When exposed to light ammonium hypophosphite darkens. A proposed reaction is:^[3]

[H₂PO₂]⁻ → H^• + [HP^•O₂]⁻

[HP•O₂]⁻ + [H₂PO₂]⁻ → H^• + [O₂P^•PHO₂]²⁻

Uses

Hypophosphite (usually sodium hypophosphite) acts as a reducing agent to deposit nickel onto surfaces without using electricity. Common in electronics, automotive, and aerospace industries for corrosion resistance and hardness. Some hypophosphite compounds are used in medicines, particularly as sources of phosphorus or as stabilizers in formulations.

In polymer and plastic stabilization, they are used today as antioxidants and thermal stabilizers to prevent degradation during the processing of plastics like PVC. Beyond nickel plating, hypophosphites are used in general chemical synthesis where a mild reducing agent is needed.

Additionally, in wood science, sodium hypophosphite in combination with other agents, such as ammonium-, nitrogen- or aluminium-containing chemicals, has been used for in solid wood and particleboard to improve the fire retarding properties.^[4]^[5]

List

name	formula	system	space group	unit cell	volume	density	comment	ref
lithium dihydrogenphosphate	LiH₂PO₂	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 9.356 b = 5.3107 c = 6.543 β = 108.26° Z=4	308.73	1.547		^[6]^[7]
beryllium bis(dihydrogenphosphate)	Be(H₂PO₂)₂	tetragonal	P4₁2₁2	a = 5.0117 c = 20.051 Z=4	503.62	1.833	band gap 7.84 eV	^[8]^[7]
ammonium hypophosphite	(NH₄)H₂PO₂	orthorhombic	Cmma	a = 7.5425 b = 11.5204 c = 3.9942 Z = 4	347.07	1.589		^[9]
Hydrazinium(2+) phosphinate	(N₂H₆)(H₂PO₂)₂	monoclinic	P2₁/c	a = 7.74 b = 6.44 c = 6.77 β = 98.1°				^[10]
1,3-diaminoguanidinium(1+) hypophosphite	(CN₅H₈)H₂PO₂	monoclinic	P2₁/c ?P2₁/m	a=6.3673 b=14.5302 c=66452 β=16742°				^[11]
triethylammonium hypophosphite hydrate	(Et₃NH)(H₂PO₂)·H₂O							^[12]
	NaH₂PO_2•0.8H2O	monoclinic	P2₁/n	a=11.127 b=13.572 c=12.93 β=102.98° Z=20				^[13]
	Mg(H₂PO₂)₂							^[14]
	Mg(PO₂H₂)₂.6H₂O	tetragonal	I4₁/acd	a=10.33 c=20.38 Z=8		1.60		^[15]
hexaaquamagnesium(II) bis(hypophosphite)	[Mg(H₂O)₆](H₂PO₂)₂	tetragonal	P4₂/nmc	a=7.2187 c=10.4639 Z=2	542.27	1.598		^[16]
	Al(H₂PO₂)₃							^[17]
Potassium hypophosphite	KH₂PO₂	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 7.313 b = 7.2952 c = 7.181 β = 116.20° Z = 4	343.75			^[18]
calcium hypophosphite	Ca(H₂PO₂)₂							^[19]
calcium sodium hypophosphite	NaCa(H₂PO₂)₂	cubic	P2₁3	a = 9.720	918.3	1.90		^[20]
	Ti(H₂PO₂)₃	trigonal	R3c	a=11.7484 c=9.7368 Z=6	1163.9	2.079	blue	^[21]
vanadium(III) hypophosphite	V(H₂PO₂)₃	monoclinic	P2₁/n	a = 11.4985 b = 11.7771 c = 11.5999 β = 99.807°	1547.89	2.11	green	^[22]
	VO(H₂PO₂)·H₂O	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 12.046 b = 8.147 c = 7.548 β = 121.83°			blue	^[23]^[24]
manganese hypophosphite monohydrate	Mn(H₂PO₂)₂.H₂O	monoclinic	P2₁/c	a = 7.8601 b = 7.4411 c = 10.7717 β = 102.859° Z=4				^[25]
manganese hypophosphite monohydrate	β-Mn(H₂PO₂)₂.H₂O	monoclinic	P2₁/n	12.013 b=8.100 c=12.450 β=106.28° Z=8				^[26]
(μ₃-Hypophosphito)-(μ₂-hypophosphito)-manganese dimethylformamide solvate	[Mn(H₂PO₂)₂]_n·(DMF)_0.11	hexagonal	R3	a=20.53 c=8.041				^[27]
	[NH₄][Mn^II(H₂PO₂)₃(H₂O)]	monoclinic	P2₁/n	a=7.4412 b=15.147 c=9.3051 β=108.230°				^[28]
guanidinium manganese hypophosphite	CN₃H₆ Mn(H₂POO)₃	monoclinic	I2/m	a=8.7596 b=13.2087 c=9.6956 β=89.764°				^[29]
guanidinium manganese hypophosphite	CN₃H₆ Mn(H₂POO)₃	triclinic	P1	a=9.0994 b=9.2419 c=15.8369 α=105.294° β=90.971° γ=118.618°				^[29]
formamidinium manganese hypophosphite	CN₂H₅Mn(H₂POO)₃	monoclinic	C2/c	a=13.4506 b=10.2196 c=7.5274 β=103.604°				^[29]
imidazolium manganese hypophosphite	C₃H₅₂Mn(H₂POO)₃	monoclinic	P2₁/c	a=9.6520 b=12.7066 c=18.4643 β=91.5450°				^[29]
triazolium manganese hypophosphite	C₂H₄N₃Mn(H₂POO)₃	monoclinic	P2₁/c	a=9.8034 b=8.5924 c=13.3120 β=98.554°				^[29]
dabcon-diium dimanganese hexakis(hypophosphite)	C₆H₁₄N₂Mn₂(H₂POO)₆	hexagonal	R3	a=9.8860 c=41.171				^[29]
dabcon-diium dimanganese hexakis(hypophosphite)	C₆H₁₄N₂Mn₂(H₂POO)₆	triclinic	P1	a=9.8364( b=14.9329 c=16.8019 α=66.631° β=89.585° γ=89.082°				^[29]
bis(μ₂-Phosphinato)-bis(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)-di-manganese ethanol solvate monohydrate		monoclinic	P2₁/n	a=13.2131 b=25.263 c=23.477 β=95.31°				^[30]
Bis(phosphinato)(2,2'-bipyridyl)manganese(II)	C₁₀H₁₂N₂Mn(H₂PO₂)₂	monoclinic	C2/c	a=16.827 b=10.745 c=7.170 β=91.46° X=4		1.75	yellow	^[31]
iron(III) hypophosphite	Fe(H₂PO₂)₃	hexagonal	R3	a = 11.2800 c = 9.6375 Z = 6	1061.97	2.353		^[32]
hexaaquacobalt(II) bis(hypophosphite)	[Co(H₂O)₆](H₂PO₂)₂	tetragonal	I4₁/acd	a=10.3406 c=20.402 Z=8	2181.6	1.809	purple	^[33]^[34]
	Co(H₂PO₂)₂•0.53H₂O	monoclinic	P112/a	a=6.4722 b=5.3411 c=7.4900 γ=90.087° Z=2			layered, can intercallate with more water, or pyridine	^[35]
	Co(H₂PO₂)₂•2H₂O
	[NH₄][Co^II(H₂PO₂)₃(H₂O)]	monoclinic	P2₁/n	a=7.367 b=14.914 c=9.205 β=108.38°				^[28]
	CoCl(H₂PO₂).H₂O	orthorhombic	Pbca	a=7.416 b=13.082 c=9.483 Z=8	920	2.56		^[36]
bis(μ-hypophosphito)-bis(benzene-1,2-diamine)-cobalt dichloride	[Co(H₂PO₂)(C₁₂N₄H₁₆)]Cl₂	orthorhombic	Pbcn	a = 9.554 b = 9.147 c = 21.9222 Z = 2	1915.7			^[37]
ortho-phenylenediamine cobalt hypophosphite chloride	[Co(H₂PO₂)(C₁₂N₄H₁₆)]Cl₂	orthorhombic	Pbcn	a = 9.554 b = 9.147 c = 21.9222 Z = 2	1915.7			^[38]
	Co^III(NH₃)₅(H₂PO₂)(ClO₄)₂							^[39]
	NaCo(H₂PO₂)₃	cubic	P2₁3	a = 9.256 Z=4	793.1			^[40]
Hexaaquanickel(II) bis(hypophosphite)	[Ni(H₂O)₆](H₂PO₂)₂	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 10.1453 b = 10.1467 c = 10.3571 β = 92.632 Z=4	1065.05	1.851	green	^[33]
	[NH₄][Ni^II(H₂PO₂)₃(H₂O)]	monoclinic	P2₁/n	a=7.3202 b=14.7961 c=9.1762 β=108.814°				^[28]
(μ₂-13,27-Di-t-butyl-3,6,9,17,20,23-hexamethyl-3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaazatricyclo[23.3.1.1^11,15]triaconta-1(29),11(30),12,14,25,27- hexaene-29,30-dithiolato)-(μ₂-phosphinato-O,O')-di-nickel(ii) tetraphenylborate acetonitrile solvate	[Ni₂L(μ-O₂PH₂)]BPh₄	triclinic	P1	a=13.179 b=15.736 c=16.799 α=108.48° β=91.90° γ=107.61°				^[41]
"	[Ni₂L(μ-O₂PH₂)]ClO₄							^[41]
	NiCl(H₂PO₂).H₂O	orthorhombic	Pbca	a = 7.2986 b = 13.0616 c = 9.4078 Z = 4	896.85		pale green; hypophosphite	^[42]
hexaaquacobalt(II)/nickel(II) bis(hypophosphite)	[Co_0.5Ni_0.5(H₂O)₆](H₂PO₂)₂	tetragonal	I4₁/acd	a=10.3111 c=20.236 Z=8	2163.2	1.823	green	^[34]
	Cu(H₂PO₂)₂	monoclinic	P2₁/c	a = 7.2186 b = 5.3462 c = 6.2521 β = 98.835° Z = 2 T = 270	238.42	2.696	blue	^[43]
	Cu(H₂PO₂)₂	orthorhombic	Pbca	a = 5.3259 b = 6.2720 c = 14.2590 Z=4 T = 270	476.31	2.699	blue	^[43]
	Cu(H₂PO₂)₂	orthorhombic	Pnma	a = 6.6738 b = 5.4133 c = 7.1954 Z=2 T = 270	259.95	2.472	blue	^[43]
	Zn(H₂PO₂)₂	orthorhombic	Pmma	a=6.479 b=5.365 c=7.408				^[44]
	Zn(H₂PO₂)₂.H₂O	monoclinic	P2₁/c	a=7.685 b=7.376 c=10.468 β=104.16°				^[44]
	Ge₂(H₂PO₂)₆	trigonal	R3	a=11.86 c=9.58 Z=3		2.18	colourless	^[45]
Chloro(phosphinato)germanium(II)	GeCl(H₂PO₂)	orthorhombic	Pnam	a=8.178 b=9.595 c=5.299 Z=4		2.764		^[46]
Rubidium hypophosphite	RbH₂PO₂	orthorhombic	Pnma	a = 7.9835 b = 6.3678 c = 7.575 Z = 4	385.12			^[18]
	Sr(H₂PO₂)₂	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 15.655 b = 5.9436 c = 5.9177 β = 93.905° Z=4	549.4	2.631	colourless	^[47]
Cadmium bis[dihydrogenphosphate(I)]	Cd(H₂PO₂)₂•H₂O	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 15.156 b = 5.4692 c = 6.5516 β=102.487 Z=4	530.22	3.036		^[48]^[49]
Chloro(phosphinato)tin(II)	SnCl(H₂PO₂)	orthorhombic	Pnam	a=8.045 b=9.915 c=5.517 Z=4		3.308		^[46]
Calcium hexakis(dihydrogenphosphito)stannate(IV)	Ca[Sn(H₂PO₂)₆]	hexagonal	R3	a = 11.8619 c = 9.8668 Z = 3	1202.31	2.273		^[50]
	[Sn₂(H₂PO₂)₃]Br	orthorhombic	Pmn2₁	a=5.4177 b=7.1467 c=13.8359 Z=2	535.71	3.176		^[51]
	RbSb(SO₄)(H₂PO₂)F	orthorhombic	Pnma	a=15.1004 b=5.4481 c=8.8857 Z=4	731.01	3.519	dark	^[52]
Cesium hypophosphite	CsH₂PO₂	orthorhombic	Pnma	a = 8.3776 b = 6.6271 c = 7.916 Z = 4	439.52			^[18]
barium bis(dihydrogenphosphate)	Ba(H₂PO₂)₂	orthorhombic	Ccca	a = 6.2390 b = 15.584 c = 6.1726 Z=4	600.2	2.958	colourless	^[47]
	BaSb(H₂PO₂)₃Cl₂	monoclinic	P2₁	a=8.5451 b=7.6108 c=9.0163 β=95.680°			SHG 5.0 × KDP; birefringence (0.09@546 nm); bandgap 4.2 eV	^[53]
	La(H₂PO₂)₃	triclinic	P1	a = 6.7912 b = 7.0801 c = 8.863 α = 82.64° β = 74.43^o γ = 71.91° Z=2				^[54]
	La(H₂PO₂)_3•H₂O	triclinic	P1	a = 7.2291 b = 7.983 c = 8.934 α =110.57° β = 98.26° γ = 104.35° Z=2				^[54]
	Ce(H₂PO₂)₃(H₂O)	triclinic	P1	a=7.1729 b=7.9827 c=8.871 α=110.643° β=98.101° γ=104.97°				^[55]
	Pr(H₂PO₂)₃							^[54]
	[Pr(H₂PO₂)(HPO₃)(H₂O)]·H₂O	orthorhombic	P2₁2₁2₁	a=6.6558 b=7.1539 c=16.5506				^[55]
	Nd(H₂PO₂)₃							^[54]
	Dy(H₂PO₂)₃	monoclinic	C2/m	a=14.368 b=5.734 c=12.123 β=122.33°				^[55]
	Yb(H₂PO₂)₃	monoclinic	C2/m	a=14.281 b =5.658 c=12.006 β=122.26°				^[56]
Thallous hypophosphite	TlH₂PO₂						melt 114°C	^[49]^[57]
	Pb(H₂PO₂)₂	monoclinic	C2/c	a = 15.516 b = 6.008 c = 5.969 β = 93.30° Z=4	555.5	4.032	colourless	^[47]
	U(H₂PO₂)₄	orthorhombic	Pbca	a=7.467 b=13.394 c=19.904 Z=8	1990.7	3.323	green	^[43]
	UO₂(H₂PO₂)₂·H₂O	monoclinic	P2₁/n	a = 7.686 b = 9.275 c = 11.027 β = 92.32° Z=4	785.4	3.535	colourless	^[58]
	UO₂(H₂PO₂)₂·H₃PO	orthorhombic	P2₁2₁2₁	a = 7.1572 b = 7.2363 c = 17.554	901.0	3.435	yellow	^[58]

References

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↑ Pan, Fangya; Jia, Hongyu; Huang, Yuxiang; Chen, Zhilin; Liang, Shanqing; Jiang, Peng (2023-11-21). "Analyzing Temperature Distribution Patterns on the Facing and Backside Surface: Investigating Combustion Performance of Flame-Retardant Particle Boards Using Aluminum Hypophosphite, Intumescent, and Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardants". Polymers. 15 (23). MDPI AG: 4479. doi:10.3390/polym15234479. ISSN 2073-4360. PMC 10707802.
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↑ Galigné, J. L.; Dumas, Y. (1973-05-01). "Nouvelle détermination de la structure cristalline de l'hypophosphite de magnésium hexahydraté Mg(PO 2 H 2 ) 2 .6H 2 O". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 29 (5): 1115–1119. doi:10.1107/S0567740873003961. ISSN 0567-7408.
↑ Kuratieva, Natalia V.; Naumova, Marina I.; Naumov, Dmitry Yu.; Podberezskaya, Nina V. (2003-06-15). "A new polymorph of hexaaquamagnesium(II) bis(hypophosphite)". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online. 59 (6): i89–i91. doi:10.1107/S160053680300758X. ISSN 1600-5368.
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↑ Yin, Jian-nan; Shi, Xin-ying; Zhou, Huan; Tang, Jing-jing; Dai, Ya-ping; Bai, Xiao-qin (2017-02-09). "Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + H 2 O), (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + CaCl 2 + H 2 O), and (Ca(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 + NaH 2 PO 2 + H 2 O) Systems". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 62 (2): 744–751. doi:10.1021/acs.jced.6b00813. ISSN 0021-9568.
↑ Matsuzaki, T.; Iitaka, Y. (1969-10-01). "The crystal structure of calcium sodium hypophosphite, CaNa(H 2 PO 2 ) 3". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 25 (10): 1932–1938. doi:10.1107/S0567740869004985. ISSN 0567-7408.
↑ Hung, Ling-I; Hsieh, Dai-Yi; Hsieh, Tsung-Hsiu; Chen, Pei-Lin; Lin, Chia-Her; Wang, Sue-Lein (2022-01-24). "Ca 2 [Ti(HPO 4 ) 2 (PO 4 )]·H 2 O, Ca[Ti 2 (H 2 O)(HPO 3 ) 4 ]·H 2 O, and Ti(H 2 PO 2 ) 3 : Solid-State Oxidation via Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (3): 1327–1334. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02685. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 34994560.
↑ Maouel, Hind A.; Alonzo, Véronique; Roisnel, Thierry; Rebbah, Houria; Le Fur, Eric (2009-07-15). "The first three-dimensional vanadium hypophosphite". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 65 (7): i36–i38. doi:10.1107/S0108270109021325. ISSN 0108-2701. PMID 19578249.
↑ Le Bail, A.; Marcos, M. D.; Amoros, P. (1994-10-25). "ChemInform Abstract: Ab initio Crystal Structure Determination of VO(H2PO2)2×H2O from X-Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Data. A Monodimensional Vanadium( IV) Hypophosphite". ChemInform. 25 (43) chin.199443002. doi:10.1002/chin.199443002. ISSN 0931-7597.
↑ Baran, Enrique J.; Etcheverry, Susana B.; Diemann, Ekkehard (January 1985). "Preparation and properties of vanadyl(IV) hypophosphite, VO(PO2H2)2·H2O". Polyhedron. 4 (10): 1711–1715. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84164-9.
↑ Noisong, Pittayagorn; Danvirutai, Chanaiporn; Srithanratana, Tipaporn; Boonchom, Banjong (November 2008). "Synthesis, characterization and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of manganese hypophosphite monohydrate". Solid State Sciences. 10 (11): 1598–1604. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10.1598N. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.02.020.
↑ Weakley, T. J. R. (1979-01-01). "The crystal structures of manganese(II) phosphinate monohydrate, zinc phosphinate monohydrate, and anhydrous zinc phosphinate". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 35 (1): 42–45. Bibcode:1979AcCrB..35...42W. doi:10.1107/S056774087900248X. ISSN 0567-7408.
↑ Bhat, Gulzar A.; Vishnoi, Pratap; Gupta, Sandeep K.; Murugavel, Ramaswamy (September 2015). "Anhydrous manganese hypophosphite dense framework solid: Synthesis, structure and magnetic studies". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 59: 84–87. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2015.07.006.
1 2 3 Yoshida, Yusuke; Inoue, Katsuya; Kyritsakas, Natalie; Kurmoo, Mohamedally (April 2009). "Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of zig-zag chains of transition metals with O–P–O bridges". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 362 (5): 1428–1434. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2008.07.009.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wu, Yue; Shaker, Sammy; Brivio, Federico; Murugavel, Ramaswamy; Bristowe, Paul D.; Cheetham, Anthony K. (2017-11-29). "[Am]Mn(H 2 POO) 3 : A New Family of Hybrid Perovskites Based on the Hypophosphite Ligand". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139 (47): 16999–17002. Bibcode:2017JAChS.13916999W. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b09417. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 29069898.
↑ Richeter, Sébastien; Larionova, Joulia; Long, Jérôme; van der Lee, Arie; Leclercq, Dominique (2013-06-12). "Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Mn III (L)phosphinate Complexes (L = meso ‐tetraphenylporphyrin or Schiff base)". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2013 (18): 3206–3216. doi:10.1002/ejic.201300246. ISSN 1434-1948.
↑ Weakley, T. J. R. (1978-01-01). "catena -Bis(phosphinato)(2,2'-bipyridyl)manganese(II)". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 34 (1): 281–282. doi:10.1107/S0567740878002812. ISSN 0567-7408.
↑ Kuratieva, Natalia V.; Naumov, Dmitry Yu. (2006-01-15). "Iron(III) dihydrogenphosphate(I)". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 62 (1): i9–i10. doi:10.1107/S0108270105038035. ISSN 0108-2701. PMID 16397325.
1 2 Kuratieva, Natalia V.; Naumova, Marina I.; Naumov, Dmitry Yu.; Podberezskaya, Nina V. (2003-01-15). "Hexaaquanickel(II) bis(hypophosphite)". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 59 (1): i1–i3. doi:10.1107/S0108270102018541. ISSN 0108-2701. PMID 12506208.
1 2 Kuratieva, Natalia V.; Naumova, Marina I.; Naumov, Dmitry Yu. (2002-09-15). "Hexaaquacobalt(II) bis(hypophosphite) and hexaaquacobalt(II)/nickel(II) bis(hypophosphite)". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 58 (9): i129–i131. doi:10.1107/S0108270102013094. ISSN 0108-2701. PMID 12205368.
↑ Marcos, M. Dolores; Amoros, Pedro; Beltran, Daniel; Beltran, Aurelio (March 1994). "Topotactic Intercalation of Water and Pyridine into Co(H2PO2)2.cntdot.nH2O (0 .ltoreq. n .ltoreq. 0.69). Crystal Structure of Co(H2PO2)2.cntdot.0.53H2O Solved from X-ray Powder Diffraction Data". Inorganic Chemistry. 33 (6): 1220–1226. doi:10.1021/ic00084a042. ISSN 0020-1669.
↑ Marcos, M. D.; Ibáñez, R.; Amorós, P.; Le Bail, A. (1991-06-15). "Layer structure of [CoCl(H2PO2)].H2O". Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications. 47 (6): 1152–1155. Bibcode:1991AcCrC..47.1152M. doi:10.1107/S0108270190013580. ISSN 0108-2701.
↑ Ngopoh, F. Atipo Itoua; Lachkar, M.; Đorđević, T.; Lengauer, C. L.; El Bali, B. (September 2015). "Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of a 2D-Hybrid Cobalt Hypophosphite". Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 45 (8–9): 369–375. doi:10.1007/s10870-015-0603-1. ISSN 1074-1542.
↑ Ngopoh, F. Atipo Itoua; Lachkar, M.; Đorđević, T.; Lengauer, C. L.; El Bali, B. (September 2015). "Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of a 2D-Hybrid Cobalt Hypophosphite". Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 45 (8–9): 369–375. Bibcode:2015JCCry..45..369N. doi:10.1007/s10870-015-0603-1. ISSN 1074-1542.
↑ Linn, D. E.; Gould, E. S. (October 1987). "Electron transfer. 88. Cobalt(III)-bound phosphite and hypophosphite". Inorganic Chemistry. 26 (21): 3442–3446. doi:10.1021/ic00268a007. ISSN 0020-1669.
↑ El Bali, Brahim; Lachkar, Mohammed; Essehli, Rachid; Dusek, Michal; Rohlicek, Jan; Mircescu, Nicoleta; Haisch, Christoph (November 2016). "NaCo(H2PO2)3: Crystal structure and physical study". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1123: 30–34. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.022.
1 2 Lach, Jochen; Jeremies, Alexander; Lozan, Vasile; Loose, Claudia; Hahn, Torsten; Kortus, Jens; Kersting, Berthold (2012-11-19). "Stabilization of Hypophosphite in the Binding Pocket of a Dinuclear Macrocyclic Complex: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of [Ni 2 L(μ-O 2 PH 2 )]BPh 4 (L = N 6 S 2 Donor Ligand)". Inorganic Chemistry. 51 (22): 12380–12388. doi:10.1021/ic301710b. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 23126334.
↑ Marcos, M. Dolores; Amoros, Pedro; Sapina, Fernando; Beltran-Porter, Aurelio; Martinez-Manez, Ramon; Attfield, J. Paul (November 1993). "New lamellar oxophosphorus derivatives of nickel(II): x-ray powder diffraction structure determinations and magnetic studies of Ni(HPO3).H2O, NiCl(H2PO2).H2O, and NixCo1-x(HPO3).H2O solid solutions". Inorganic Chemistry. 32 (23): 5044–5052. doi:10.1021/ic00075a017. ISSN 0020-1669.
1 2 3 4 Tanner, Peter A.; Sze, To-Hung; Mak, Thomas C.; Yip, Wai-Hing (February 1992). "Synthesis, crystal structure and vibrational spectra of uranium(IV) hypophosphite". Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research. 22 (1): 25–30. Bibcode:1992JCCry..22...25T. doi:10.1007/BF01161359. ISSN 0277-8068.
1 2 Tanner, Peter A.; Liu Yu-Long; Mak, Thomas C.W. (January 1997). "Synthesis, crystal structures and vibrational spectra of zinc hypophosphites". Polyhedron. 16 (3): 495–505. doi:10.1016/0277-5387(96)00273-2.
↑ Weakley, T J R (1983). "The crystal structure of germanium(II,IV) phosphinate, Ge2(H2PO2)6". Journal of The Chemical Society of Pakistan. 5 (4): 279–281.
1 2 Weakley, T. J. R.; Watt, W. W. L. (1979-12-15). "Chloro(phosphinato)germanium(II) and chloro(phosphinato)tin(II)". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 35 (12): 3023–3024. Bibcode:1979AcCrB..35.3023W. doi:10.1107/S0567740879011213.
1 2 3 Kuratieva, Natalia V.; Naumova, Marina I.; Podberezskaya, Nina V.; Naumov, Dmitry Yu. (2005-02-15). "The bivalent metal hypophosphites Sr(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 , Pb(H 2 PO 2 ) 2 and Ba(H 2 PO 2 ) 2". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 61 (2): i14–i16. doi:10.1107/S010827010403166X. ISSN 0108-2701. PMID 15695880.
↑ Naumov, Dmitry Yu.; Naumova, Marina I.; Kuratieva, Natalia V. (2005-11-15). "Cadmium bis[dihydrogenphosphate(I)]". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online. 61 (11): i251–i252. doi:10.1107/S1600536805034562. ISSN 1600-5368.
1 2 Romanova, N V; Demidenko, N V (1975-12-31). "Hypophosphorous Acid Acid and Its Salts". Russian Chemical Reviews. 44 (12): 1036–1047. doi:10.1070/RC1975v044n12ABEH002547. ISSN 0036-021X.
↑ Gieschen, Tobias; Reuter, Hans (2013-08-15). "Calcium hexakis(dihydrogenphosphito)stannate(IV), Ca[Sn(H 2 PO 2 ) 6 ], with some remarks on the so-called Ge 2 (H 2 PO 2 ) 6 structure type". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online. 69 (8): i44–i44. doi:10.1107/S1600536813018205. ISSN 1600-5368.
↑ Xie, Jie-Ling; Zhou, Yu-Hua; Li, Long-Hua; Zhang, Jian-Han; Song, Jun-Ling (2017). "A new method for the preparation of a [Sn 2 (H 2 PO 2 ) 3 ]Br SHG-active polar crystal via surfactant-induced strategy". Dalton Transactions. 46 (29): 9339–9343. doi:10.1039/C7DT02116J. ISSN 1477-9226.
↑ Tan, Jinwen; Luo, Han; Wang, Shiyi; Huang, Ling; Cao, Liling; Dong, Xuehua; Zou, Guohong (2024). "RbSb(SO 4 )(H 2 PO 2 )F: a short-wave UV antimony( iii ) oxysalt with mixed-anions demonstrating enhanced birefringence". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 12 (34): 13230–13235. doi:10.1039/D4TC02926G. ISSN 2050-7526.
↑ Long, Y.; Dong, X.; Huang, L.; Zeng, H.; Lin, Z.; Zhou, L.; Zou, G. (November 2022). "BaSb(H2PO2)3Cl2: An excellent UV nonlinear optical hypophosphite exhibiting strong second-harmonic generation response". Materials Today Physics. 28: 100876. doi:10.1016/j.mtphys.2022.100876.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
1 2 3 4 Tanner, Peter A.; Faucher, Michele D.; Mak, Thomas C. W. (1999-12-01). "Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopy of Rare Earth Hypophosphites. 1. Anhydrous and Monohydrated Lanthanide Hypophosphites". Inorganic Chemistry. 38 (26): 6008–6023. doi:10.1021/ic990187z. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 11671308.
1 2 3 Seddon, Joanne A.; Jackson, Andrew R. W.; Kresiński, Roman A.; Platt, Andrew W. G. (1999). "Complexes of the lanthanide metals (La–Nd, Sm–Lu) with hypophosphite and phosphite ligands: crystal structures of [Ce(H2PO2)3(H2O)], [Dy(H2PO2)3] and [Pr(H2PO2)(HPO3)(H2O)]·H2O". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (13): 2189–2196. doi:10.1039/a807727d.
↑ Tanner, Peter A.; Mak, Chris S.K.; Mak, Thomas C.W. (April 2000). "Synthesis, structure and spectroscopy of rare earth hypophosphites: 3. ytterbium hypophosphite". Polyhedron. 19 (7): 863–870. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)00333-8.
↑ Jenkins, Wilmer A.; Yost, Don M. (June 1951). "Preparation and Thermal Stability of Thallous Hypophosphite". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (6): 2945–2946. doi:10.1021/ja01150a514. ISSN 0002-7863.
1 2 Tanner, Peter A.; Mak, Thomas C. W. (1999-12-01). "Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopy of Rare Earth Hypophosphites. 2. Uranyl Hypophosphite Monohydrate and Uranyl Hypophosphite−Hypophosphorous Acid (1/1)". Inorganic Chemistry. 38 (26): 6024–6031. doi:10.1021/ic990188r. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 11671309.

Organophosphorus

PO₃H²⁻
P(O–)₃
P₂O₅· $n$ H₂O
OP(O–)₃
–P(OH)₂
–P(O–)₂
–P(O)(O–)₂
–OP<
- free acid HOP(CF₃)₂
HOP(O)<
PO₂H⁻
₂
–P<
–P(O)<
(–O)₂PN<
- e.g. Nucleoside phosphoramidite
(–O)₂P(O)N<
- e.g. Phosphocreatine
–OP(N<)₂
–OP(O)(N<)₂
- e.g. Morpholino
- Cyclophosphamide
P(N<)₃
- e.g. P(NMe₂)₃
OP(N<)₃
- e.g. Hexamethylphosphoramide
- Metepa
–NP(N<)₃
–P(O)(O–)N<
–P(O)(N<)₂
>P(O)N<
PS_$x$O³⁻
_{$4- x$}
(–O)₃PS
(-P)₅

Sumber data: id.wikipedia.org via REST API v1

Hypophosphites

Reactions

Uses

List

See also

References