Operation Herring (Herring 1) was the last World War IIairborne combat drop in Europe.
Background
The AlliedApril 1945 offensive on the Italian front, which was to end the Italian campaign and the war in Italy, was to decisively break through the GermanGothic Line, the defensive line along the Apennines and the River Po plain to the Adriatic Sea and swiftly drive north to occupy Northern Italy and get to the Austrian and Yugoslav borders as quickly as possible. However, German strongpoints, as well as bridge, road, levee and dike blasting, and any occasional determined resistance in the Po Valley plain might slow the planned sweep down. Allied planners felt that dropping paratroops onto some key areas and locales south of the River Po could help wreak havoc in the German rear area, attack German communications and vehicle columns, further disrupting the German retreat, and prevent German engineers from blowing up key structures before Allied spearheads could exploit them. Lieutenant General Sir Richard McCreery, commander of the Commonwealth8th Army, had a number of Italian paratroopers at hand for the task.
After being assigned to Operation Herring, the Italian paratroopers received a rapid but thorough training update under the supervision of a British SOE officer, Major Alex Ramsay, who was reportedly pleased by the Italian paratroopers' performance.[citation needed]
Italian parachutists en route to the drop zone of Operation Herring
The mission would entail eight drops on as many areas south of Po River, southeast of Ferrara, the Mirandola area, and Poggio Rusco and the Modena-Mantua highway. It would last 36 hours. Every paratrooper was to be equipped with an Italian Beretta MABsubmachine gun with 400 rounds, high explosive charges, four hand grenades, dagger, maps, and food for 48 hours.
During the drop, they were scattered considerably,[citation needed] a few were captured upon landing,[citation needed] and 16 paracadutisti barricaded themselves in a farmhouse, after becoming surrounded by German forces; all but two of the Italians died while fighting until running out of ammunition.
Other groups of paracadutisti proved to be more effective, inflicting heavy damage and suffering light casualties. Two squads from "F" Squadron (18 personnel) captured two small towns, Ravarino and Stuffione, took 451 prisoners and held out until the arrival of Allied ground forces.
Aftermath
German prisoners captured by Italian paras (Mirandola, April 1945)
Operation Herring lasted over 72 hours instead of the 36 initially foreseen, but it turned out to be a success. With some help on the part of the local partisan groups, according to some sources 481 German soldiers were killed, 1,983 surrendered, 44 vehicles were destroyed and many captured including some tanks, armored cars and guns, 77 telephone lines severed, three bridges taken intact, an ammunition storage site blown up. The price the Italians paid for the success was 31 dead (including a British paratrooper sergeant) and 10-12 wounded. An Italian lieutenant and a private were posthumously awarded the Gold Medal for Valor.
William Fowler (2010): The Secret War in Italy; Operation Herring and No 1 Italian SAS, Ian Allan, ISBN9780711035287
Further reading
Jackson, William; Gleave, Tom (2004) [1988]. Butler, James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part III November 1944 to May 1945. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol.VI (pbk. facs. repr. Naval and Military Press, Uckfielded.). London: HMSO. pp.277–278, 294–295. ISBN978-1-84-574072-6.
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