Rising alternate factorial

${\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n}}=1-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{5}}-{\frac {1}{6}}+\cdots .}$ This is the well-known "alternating harmonic series".

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {5}{8}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}+{\frac {3}{4}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {131}{192}}+{\frac {3}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {661}{960}}+{\frac {15}{4}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)(n+5)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}\left(1+{\frac {2}{4^{3}-4}}+{\frac {2}{8^{3}-8}}+{\frac {2}{12^{3}-12}}+\dots \right).}$

Binary rising constant factorial

${\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2=1-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {1}{2}}+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {5}{6}}-6\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {7}{12}}+24\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {47}{60}}-120\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)(n+5)}}.}$

Other series representations

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2n+1)(2n+2)}}=\ln 2.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n(4n^{2}-1)}}=2\ln 2-1.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n(4n^{2}-1)}}=\ln 2-1.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n(9n^{2}-1)}}=2\ln 2-{\frac {3}{2}}.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4n^{2}-2n}}=\ln 2.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2(-1)^{n+1}(2n-1)+1}{8n^{2}-4n}}=\ln 2.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{3n+1}}={\frac {\ln 2}{3}}+{\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{3n+2}}=-{\frac {\ln 2}{3}}+{\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(3n+1)(3n+2)}}={\frac {2\ln 2}{3}}.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\sum _{k=1}^{n}k^{2}}}=18-24\ln 2}$ using ${\displaystyle \lim _{N\rightarrow \infty }\sum _{n=N}^{2N}{\frac {1}{n}}=\ln 2}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4n^{2}-3n}}=\ln 2+{\frac {\pi }{6}}}$ (sums of the reciprocals of decagonal numbers)

Involving the Riemann Zeta function

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}[\zeta (2n)-1]=\ln 2.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}}}[\zeta (n)-1]=\ln 2-{\frac {1}{2}}.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2n+1}}[\zeta (2n+1)-1]=1-\gamma -{\frac {\ln 2}{2}}.}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2n-1}(2n+1)}}\zeta (2n)=1-\ln 2.}$

(γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and ζ Riemann's zeta function.)

BBP-type representations

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1}{2k}}+{\frac {1}{4k+1}}+{\frac {1}{8k+4}}+{\frac {1}{16k+12}}\right){\frac {1}{16^{k}}}.}$

(See more about Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe (BBP)-type representations.)

Applying the three general series for natural logarithm to 2 directly gives:

${\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{9^{k}(2k+1)}}.}$

Applying them to ${\displaystyle \textstyle 2={\frac {3}{2}}\cdot {\frac {4}{3}}}$ gives:

${\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{2^{n}n}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{3^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{3^{n}n}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{5}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{25^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\frac {2}{7}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{49^{k}(2k+1)}}.}$

Applying them to ${\displaystyle \textstyle 2=({\sqrt {2}})^{2}}$ gives:

${\displaystyle \ln 2=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{({\sqrt {2}}+1)^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2+{\sqrt {2}})^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {4}{3+2{\sqrt {2}}}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(17+12{\sqrt {2}})^{k}(2k+1)}}.}$

Applying them to ${\displaystyle \textstyle 2={\left({\frac {16}{15}}\right)}^{7}\cdot {\left({\frac {81}{80}}\right)}^{3}\cdot {\left({\frac {25}{24}}\right)}^{5}}$ gives:

${\displaystyle \ln 2=7\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{15^{n}n}}+3\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{80^{n}n}}+5\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{24^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2=7\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{16^{n}n}}+3\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{81^{n}n}}+5\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{25^{n}n}}.}$

${\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {14}{31}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{961^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\frac {6}{161}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{25921^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\frac {10}{49}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2401^{k}(2k+1)}}.}$

Example

If p^s = q^t + d with some small d, then ⁠p^s/q^t⁠ = 1 + ⁠d/q^t⁠ and therefore

${\displaystyle s\ln p-t\ln q=\ln \left(1+{\frac {d}{q^{t}}}\right)=\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{m+1}}{m}}\left({\frac {d}{q^{t}}}\right)^{m}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2n+1}}{\left({\frac {d}{2q^{t}+d}}\right)}^{2n+1}.}$

Selecting q = 2 represents ln p by ln 2 and a series of a parameter ⁠d/q^t⁠ that one wishes to keep small for quick convergence. Taking 3² = 2³ + 1, for example, generates

${\displaystyle 2\ln 3=3\ln 2-\sum _{k\geq 1}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{8^{k}k}}=3\ln 2+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2n+1}}{\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot 8+1}}\right)}^{2n+1}.}$

This is actually the third line in the following table of expansions of this type:

Starting from the natural logarithm of q = 10 one might use these parameters: