Many Manyema, like many Nyamwezi, are the descendants of porters who emerged during the height of the Swahili-Arab trade in the Sultanate of Utetera.[3] For much of the 19th century, their territory was regarded as an 'El Dorado' of Arab slave raiders.[4] Over time, the area was extensively incorporated into Swahilieconomy and culture.[5]
Verney Lovett Cameron noted that “very few slaves are exported from Manyuema by the Arabs (a misnomer often applied to the Swahili) for profit, but are obtained to fill their harems, to cultivate the farms which always surround the permanent camps, and to act as porters.”[6] The New York Times reported that the Manyema “allied themselves with the Arabs”.[7]
A Manyema man would typically have children who are also identified as Manyema from birth. Similarly, children of Arab men would be identified as Arab. However, a female Manyema would often give birth to a child of various ethnicities, such as Swahili, Zaramo, Shihiri, or Arab. Thus, she may have multiple children, each with a different ethnicity that differs from her own.[9]
Sarah K. Croucher states that ethnicities such as Manyema, Nyamwezi, Arab and Swahili are mutable. However, she emphasises that this does not mean that “they could simply be switched from one day to another”[10] and thus there existed constraints to the “shifts they could make”.[11]WaSwahili in Ujiji town on the border between Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo, many Manyema by origin, identify themselves as Swahili.[12]
A German-Omani coproduction titled “House of Wonders” features the Manyema extensively.[13]
↑Zöller, Katharina (June 2019). "Crossing Multiple Borders: 'The Manyema' in Colonial East Central Africa". History in Africa. 46: 299–326. doi:10.1017/hia.2019.6. S2CID166482195.
