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Kembali ke Ensiklopedia Arsip Wikipedia Indonesia Licostinel LicostinelChemical compound Pharmaceutical compoundLicostinelClinical dataOther namesACEA-1021ATC codeNoneIdentifiers IUPAC name 6,7-Dichloro-5-nitro-1,4-dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione CAS Number153504-81-5PubChem CID5486198ChemSpider4588899UNII3Z3037LJTCCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID60165346 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC8H3Cl2N3O4Molar mass276.03 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES c1c2c(c(c(c1Cl)Cl)[N+](=O)[O-])[nH]c(=O)c(=O)[nH]2 InChI InChI=1S/C8H3Cl2N3O4/c9-2-1-3-5(6(4(2)10)13(16)17)12-8(15)7(14)11-3/h1H,(H,11,14)(H,12,15)Key:CHFSOFHQIZKQCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Licostinel (INN; development code ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM).[1][2][3] It was under investigation by Acea Pharmaceuticals as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia associated with stroke and head injuries but was ultimately never marketed.[1][2][4] In clinical trials, licostinel did not produce phencyclidine-like psychotomimetic effects at the doses tested, though transient sedation, dizziness, and nausea were observed.[4][5] In addition to its actions at the NMDA receptor, licostinel also acts as an antagonist of the AMPA and kainate receptors at high concentrations (Kb = 0.9 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively).[3] See also Aptiganel Eliprodil Gavestinel Lubeluzole Selfotel References 1 2 Small DL, Tauskela JS (31 January 2007). "Glutamate Receptor Pharmacology: Lessons Learned from the Last Decade of Stroke Trials". In Gill S, Pulido O (eds.). Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Tissue: Excitatory Transmission Outside the CNS. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-0-306-48644-9. 1 2 Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI (30 April 2003). "Primary Neuroprotection". Brain Ischemia. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-0-306-47694-5. 1 2 Wilding TJ, Huettner JE (March 1996). "Antagonist pharmacology of kainate- and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 49 (3): 540–546. PMID 8643094. 1 2 Boyce SG, Rupniak N (1 January 2002). "Behavioural studies on the potential of NMDA receptor antagonists as analgesics". In Sirinathsinghji DJ, Hill RG (eds.). NMDA Antagonists As Potential Analgesic Drugs. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 151–. ISBN 978-3-7643-6011-5. ↑ Chizh BA, Headly PM (28 May 2013). "N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors as Target for Pain Therapy". In Bountra C, Munglani R, Schmidt WK (eds.). Pain: Current Understanding, Emerging Therapies, and Novel Approaches to Drug Discovery. CRC Press. pp. 567–. ISBN 978-0-203-91125-9. vteIonotropic glutamate receptor modulatorsAMPARTooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448) CX-717 CX-1739 CX-1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) IDRA-21 LY-392098 LY-395153 LY-404187 LY-451646 LY-503430 Mibampator (LY-451395) Nooglutyl ORG-26576 Oxiracetam PEPA Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242) Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632) Antagonists: ACEA-1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel (MPQX) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel (ACEA-1021) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue GYKI-52466 GYKI-53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline KARTooltip Kainate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine 5-Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY-339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists: ACEA-1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LY-382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue NS-3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDARTooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine ACBD ACC (ACPC) ACPD AK-51 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) B6B21 CCG D-Alanine D-Cycloserine D-Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA-966 L-687,414 L-Alanine L-Serine Milacemide Neboglamine (nebostinel) Rapastinel (GLYX-13) Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin Spermidine Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol DHEATooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate) Epipregnanolone sulfate Plazinemdor Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE-201 SAGE-301 SAGE-718 Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY-233053 LY-235959 LY-274614 MDL-100453 Midafotel (d-CPPene) NPC-12626 NPC-17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101) 5,7-DCKA 7-CKA ACC ACEA-1011 ACEA-1328 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) AV-101 Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CNQX D-Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L-689560 L-701324 Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LU-73068 MDL-105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2/576 PNQX Rapastinel (GLYX-13) ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ 18-MC α-Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin-636 Arketamine ARL-12495 ARL-15896-AR ARL-16247 Budipine CNS-5161 Coronaridine Delucemine (NPS-1506) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine F-17475 Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD-137889 Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists: Besonprodil Buphenine (nylidrin) CO-101244 (PD-174494) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil (RGH-896) Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657) Ro 8-4304 Ro 25-6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004 MPX-007 TCN-201 TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896 BQ-869 Bumetanide Caroverine Conantokin D-αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL-12495 FR-115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976) MDL-27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin (saffron) Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. 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