Para antropolog berdebat soal bagaimana suku dataran berkuda seperti Kiowa, yang bermigrasi dari Montana, berbagai leluhur linguistik dengan suku bangsa Pueblo penutur Tanoa di barat daya. Satu hipotesis menyatakan bahwa sebelum mendiami Montana barat, mereka diturunkan dari Jumanos.[7][8] Hipotesis lain mengklaim lebih konsisten dengan tradisi lisan Kiowa, yang menyatakan bawha "komunitas penutur Kiowa berasal dari kawasan Fremont Timur pada sekitar 450 Masehi, bergerak ke utara menuju kawasan Yellowstone setelah 1300 Masehi, dan kemudian bermigrasi ke selatan dan timur menuju Dataran Selatan pada masa lampau."[9]
↑Hickerson, Nancy P. The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the South Plains. University of Texas Press, 1994
↑Meadows, William C. Kiowa Ethnogeography, University of Texas Press, 2008
↑Ortman, Scott G and Lynda McNeil, The Kiowa Odyssey: Evidence of historical relationships among Pueblo, Fremont, and Northwest Plains peoples, Plains Anthropologist, 2018, Vol. 63, No. 246, pp. 152-174
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