Menara benteng Menara benteng di Château de Vincennes , Paris . Selesai dibangun pada tahun 1360. Menara benteng adalah suatu jenis menara yang sekaligus berfungsi sebagai bangunan pertahanan yang dibangun dalam istana -istana pada Abad Pertengahan oleh kaum bangsawan Eropa . Para sarjana memperdebatkan lingkup istilah menara benteng, tetapi biasanya dianggap merujuk kepada menara-menara besar di istana-istana yang menjadi bangunan pertahanan, yang dipakai sebagai tempat pengungsian terakhir saat satu per satu bagian istana jatuh ke tangan musuh.
Menara-menara benteng pertama dibuat dari kayu dan membentuk bagian penting dari istana berbenteng yang berdiri di Normandy dan Anjou pada abad ke-10; rancangannya tersebar ke Inggris akibat Invasi Normandia pada 1066, dan menyebar sampai Wales pada paruh kedua abad ke-11 dan ke Irlandia pada 1170an. Para penguasa Inggris-Normandia dan Prancis mulai membangun menara-menara benteng dari batu pada abad ke-10 dan ke-11; itu meliputi menara-menara benteng Normandia, dengan rancangan persegi atau persegi panjang, dan melingkar. Menara-menara benteng dari batu dianggap membawa pengaruh militer serta politik dan dapat dibangun selama satu dekade.
Daftar pustaka
Anderson, William. (1980) Castles of Europe: From Charlemagne to the Renaissance. ISBN 0-905746-20-1 .
Armitage, Ella S. (1912) The Early Norman Castles of the British isles. London: J. Murray. OCLC 458514584 .
Baldwin, John W. (1991) The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. ISBN 978-0-520-07391-3 .
Brindle, Steven and Brian Kerr. (1997) Windsor Revealed: New Light on the History of the Castle. ISBN 978-1-85074-688-1 .
Brown, R. Allen. (1962) English Castles. OCLC 1392314 .
Burton, Peter. (2008) "Islamic Castles in Iberia," Castle Studies Group Journal 21, pp. 228–244.
Butler, Lawrence. (1997) Clifford's Tower and the Castles of York. ISBN 1-85074-673-7 .
Châtelain, André. (1983) Châteaux Forts et Féodalité en Ile de France, du XIème au XIIIème siècle. ISBN 978-2-902894-16-1 . (Prancis)
Corp, Edward. (2009) "The Jacobite Court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Etiquette and the Use of the Royal Apartments," in
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2003) Medieval Castles. ISBN 978-0-7478-0546-5 .
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community, and Fortification in Medieval England. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 .
Cruickshanks, Eveline. (ed) (2009) The Stuart Courts. ISBN 978-0-7524-5206-7 .
DeVries, Kelly. (2003) Medieval Military Technology. ISBN 978-0-921149-74-3 .
Dixon, Philip. (2002) "The Myth of the Keep," in Meirion-Jones, Impey and Jones (ed) (2002).
Durand, Philippe. (1999) Le Château-fort. ISBN 978-2-87747-435-1 . (Prancis)
Emery, Anthony. (2006) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. ISBN 978-0-521-58132-5 .
Gomme, Andor and Alison Maguire. (2008) Design and Plan in the Country House: From Castle Donjons to Palladian Boxes. ISBN 978-0-300-12645-7 .
Gondoin, Stéphane W. (2005) Châteaux-Forts: Assiéger et Fortifier au Moyen Âge. ISBN 978-2-84478-395-0 . (Prancis)
Hanser, David A. (2006) Architecture of France. ISBN 978-0-313-31902-0 .
Heslop, T. A. (2003) "Orford Castle: Nostalgia and Sophisticated Living," in Liddiard (ed) 2003.
Higham, Robert and Philip Barker. (1992) Timber Castles. ISBN 978-0-85989-754-9 .
Hull, Lise E. (2006) Britain's Medieval Castles .ISBN 978-0-275-98414-4 .
Hulme, Richard. (2008) "Twelfth Century Great Towers – The Case for the Defence, " The Castle Studies Group Journal 21, pp. 209–229.
Jones, Nigel R. (2005) Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4 .
Kaufmann, J. E. and H. W. Kaufmann. (2004) The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages. ISBN 978-0-306-81358-0 .
Kenyon, J. and M. W. Thompson. (1995) "A Note on the Word 'keep'," Medieval Archaeology 38, pp. 175–6.
Kenyon, John R. (2005) Medieval Fortifications. ISBN 978-0-8264-7886-3 .
King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. ISBN 0-415-00350-4 .
Liddiard, Robert. (ed) (2003) Anglo-Norman Castles. ISBN 978-0-85115-904-1 .
Liddiard, Robert. (2005) Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism, and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 .
McNeill, Tom. (2000) Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. ISBN 978-0-415-22853-4 .
Meirion-Jones, Gwyn, Edward Impey and Michael Jones. (eds) (2002) The Seigneurial Residence in Western Europe AD c800-1600. ISBN 978-1-84171-466-0 .
Nicholson, Helen J. (2004) Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300–1500. ISBN 978-0-333-76330-8 .
Pettifer, Adrian. (2000a) Welsh Castles: a Guide by Counties. ISBN 978-0-85115-778-8 .
Pettifer, Adrian. (2000b) English Castles: a Guide by Counties. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5 .
Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 .
Purton, Peter. (2010) A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500. ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6 .
Rowan, A. J. (1952) The Castle Style in British Domestic Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis.
Schulz, Juergen. (2004) The New Palaces of Medieval Venice. ISBN 978-0-271-02351-9 .
Stubbs, John H. and Emily G. Makaš. (2011) Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas. ISBN 978-0-470-60385-7 .
Tabraham, Chris J. (2005) Scotland's Castles. ISBN 978-0-7134-8943-9 .
Taylor, Robert R. (1998) The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany. ISBN 978-0-88920-268-9 .
Thompson, M. W. (1994) The Decline of the Castle .ISBN 1-85422-608-8 .
Thompson, M. W. (2008) The Rise of the Castle. ISBN 978-0-521-08853-4 .
Toy, Sidney. (1933) "The Round Castles of Cornwall," Archaeologia 83, pp. 204–7.
Toy, Sidney. (1985) Castles: Their Construction and History. ISBN 978-0-486-24898-1 .
Turner, Rick. (2006) Chepstow Castle. ISBN 978-1-85760-229-6 .
Tuulse, Armin. (1958) Castles of the Western World. ISBN 978-0-486-42332-6 .
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. (1854) Dictionnaire Raisonné de L'architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle. OCLC 7056424 . (Prancis)
Internasional Nasional Lain-lain
