Rainwater fills the pit. These are connected to other small pits like this. The extra rainwater fills in the smaller pits. They are then used for cleaning, drinking and washing purposes.
Johads also cater to resident and seasonal migrant birds as well as wildlife animals from the nearby forest. State fisheries departments also promote the use of these johads for raising fishes on contract basis for commercial fishing. Johads are often seen surrounded by embankment, with water wells and trees around them. In many parts, especially in the dry state of Rajasthan, the annual rainfall is very low (between 450 and 600mm) and the water can be unpleasant to drink. Rainfall during July and August is stored in johads and used throughout the year. Johad in Haryanvi language and Rajasthani language are also called sarovar, taal and talab in Hindi language, and water pond or lake in English. A similar structure to a johads, called a khadin, consists of a very low and long earthen bund in the Jaisalmer district. Over 4,500 working johads in Alwar district and surrounding districts Rajasthan were revived by the NGO Tarun Bharat Sangh by Rajendra Singh. Haryana formed the Haryana State Waterbody Management Board to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in the state, including the development of 60 lakes in Delhi NCR falling within the state.[5][6]
Smaller cemented water tanks called taankas in parts of Rajasthan are also sometimes mistakenly referred to as johads. Concretized rain-fed taanka and canal-fed diggi are different from the johads.
Matsya Purana, a Hindu text, has a Sanskritshloka (hymn), which explains the importance of reverence of ecology in Hinduism. It states, "A pond equals ten wells, a reservoir equals ten ponds, while a son equals ten reservoirs, and a tree equals ten sons."[7]
Gramadevata (village deity) temples and Jathera shrines of pitrs for ancestral worship are usually found on the banks of johads, which also have ghats for the sacred rituals, bathing, and other religious, social, and practical human activities.
Johad wetlands
Type of construction
Johads can be of several types, such as dug-out in areas to which rainwater can be easily channeled. Alternatively, simple mud-and-rubble-barrier check dams may be built across the contour of a slope with a high embankment on three sides, while the fourth side is left open for the rainwater to enter. These catch and conserve rainwater, leading to improved percolation and groundwater recharge. They are very common in most villages of states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and the Thar desert of Rajasthan in India.[1][2][3][4]
In 2007, Haryana Irrigation Department spent INR435.26 crore (INR4.3 billion or US$7 million) to renovate and restore water bodies in the state for the conservation of water, recharging of ground water, preservation of environment, and enhancement of tourism.[9] A study by the Panjab University found 60 fish species of 19 families, 11 commercial and 6 exotic species, in the water bodies of Haryana.[10] Water bodies remain under risk from encroachment, shrinking of catchment area, and pollution.[11] In 2010, India's first-ever diatom databasing was done in ten different water bodies at ten different stations in Haryana.[12] A 2015 study of 24 water bodies of Haryana found 39 morphologically different types of diatoms.[13]
In 2016, the Government of Haryana announced a plan to map the district-wise map of water flow and to create a database of all water bodies within the state.[14] These water bodies have contributed to the economic development through fisheries in the landlocked state of Haryana. Haryana ranks second in India in terms of the average annual fish production per unit area in the country, with 7000kg per hectare.[15] Fish production has increased from 600 tonnes in 1966-67 at the time of formation of Haryana to 121000t of fish during the year 2015–16, providing a livelihood to over 30000 families in the fisheries sector.[16]
As of 2020, the Government of Haryana is reviving various johads of Gurugram. In June 2020, for the revival of ponds at Gwal Pahari, estimates were being prepared to undertake the erection of a boundary wall, building a walking track around the johad, clearing bushes, planting trees, and to connect the seasonal rivulet to the johad to ensure that it retains water year around.[17]
In 2021, Haryana will undertake a survey based on 1957 revenue records and satellite surveys to identify the ponds, remove encroachments, and in the first phase will rejuvenate 1868 ponds by the end of 2022 to use water from the ponds to irrigate 50 acres per pond, for a total of 93400 acres.[18]
There was a severe drought in Alwar district in Rajasthan during 1985–86. In 1985, volunteers from the Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS), a voluntary organization led by Rajendra Singh, came to Alwar. The Alwar District had once thrived, but logging, mining, and other industrial activities resulted in land degradation that intensified flooding and droughts. The traditional water-management system using johads was abandoned. TBS revived the tradition of building johads, an example of traditional technology that provided water for use and recharging ground water. Now, smaller, cemented johads are popularly known as tankas in most parts of Rajasthan.[19][20]
A Diggi is a canal-fed water works for rural drinking-water supply.[21] It is usually a purpose-dug open pond, smaller than the typical johad, often concretised to prevent the water loss.
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