During the administration of the French East India Company until 1767 and subsequent French rule at least 12,000 workers arrived from India between 1721 and 1810 before the abolition of slavery.[5] These first Indian immigrants came from various parts of India such as Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Chandernagor and others. They worked under contract as skilled stonemasons, blacksmiths, and carpenters although hundreds of them were slaves. Some Malbars from Reunion (Bourbon) Island were also brought to work with them.[6][7] After the legislative changes of 1767, these Indian immigrants were allowed to start their own businesses, buy land and own slaves.[8]
Following the November 1810 British Invasion from the northern coast, the island came under British rule. With the liberation of about 65,000 African and Malagasy slaves after the 1833 abolition of slavery the Franco-Mauritian plantation owners and sugar oligarchs resorted to indentured labourers, or Coolies, from various parts of India to work in their fields. Between 1834 and 1920, nearly 700,000 Indian indentured labourers arrived at Aapravasi Ghat, an embankment located in the harbour of Port-Louis.[9]Mauritius thus became the British colony's largest recipient of Indian indentured migrants.[10] Indentured labourers were mostly brought from the Bhojpuri speaking regions of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, with a large number of Tamils, Telugus and Marathis amongst them. The descendants of these indentured labourers make up two-thirds of the island's current population.[11][12]
As free immigrants, these later arrivals were commonly employed by the British in the armed forces, police forces, as security personnel with a substantial portion of immigrants from Gujarat and Sindh arriving as traders, businessmen, and merchants.[13]
In the late 19th to early 20th century, Chinese men in Mauritius married Indian women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island.[14][15] The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children fathered by Chinese men.[16][17] These Chinese immigrants were mostly traders.[18]
Demographics
Today the population consists of mainly Hindus with Muslim, Christian and Baháʼí Faith minorities. The mother tongue of almost all Mauritians is the Mauritian Creole, while a minority of Indo-Mauritians still use both their ancestral language and Creole at home. Indo-Mauritian use their ancestral languages mostly in religious activities, some of them include Bhojpuri, Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Telugu and Urdu.
Bhojpuri, once widely spoken as a mother tongue, has become less commonly spoken over the years. According to the 2022 census, Bhojpuri was spoken by 5.1% of the population compared to 12.1% in 2000.[28][29]
Indian influence
Indo-Mauritians have influenced Mauritian culture, dominating the economic, public sector and political faces of the island.[10]Mauritian politics have been historically dominated by the Indo-Mauritian community[30] due to their majority as a whole on the electoral platform. All presidents except Karl Offmann and all prime ministers except for Paul Berenger have been members of this community. Five Hindu festivals are public holidays. Indian influence is not only felt in religions, cuisines and arts but also in the local music of the island where it has its own groups of Bhojpuri and Tamil bands.[31]Indian films from Bollywood in Hindi and Kollywood in Tamil are also widely popular.[32]
Caste system
Due to local demographic realities, most notably a Vaish majority among Hindus and the lack of a clear religious absolute majority in the country, the Indian caste system was not directly implemented in the Mauritian context. The indentured labour system and the plantation economy further weakened pre existing caste structures.[33][34][35][36][37]
Similar caste and sectarian affiliations within Muslims in South Asia are found among Mauritian Muslims.[38]
During the 19th century (1834 onward), many Dalits, including Chamars (leather-working caste), migrated to Mauritius as indentured laborers under British rule. Those who were followers of Guru Ravidas began identifying collectively as Ravived to affirm a dignified identity. With time the term 'Ravived' became the preferred name in Mauritius to distance from the derogatory label of 'Chamar.'[42][43]
In the ship records on which Indian laborers migrated to Mauritius, around ten percent of the boarded people mentioned their caste as Chamar. After the establishment of caste hierarchies in Mauritius, the Chamar community families turned to the religious songs of Kabir and Ravidas for their own religious outlet. Slowly, they started adopting religious-sounding names from these devotional songs.[44]
↑Rao, Dasu Kesava (22 June 2010). "Mana boy in world soccer". The Hindu. ISSN0971-751X. Retrieved 22 October 2020. Vikash's Telugu-speaking forefathers hailed from Vizianagaram in Andhra Pradesh (then part of Madras Presidency), migrated to Shiraz in Iran and then to Mauritius to work on the sugarcane plantations of the paradise islands.
↑"Footballer Vikash Dhorasoo turns filmmaker". DNA India. 26 April 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2020. Dhorasoo, 34, is of Indo-Mauritian extraction, his Telugu-speaking ancestors hailing from Andhra Pradesh.
