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"Roman Netherlands" redirects here. For the history of Roman influence and activity in modern-day Dutch territory beyond the Rhine, see Netherlands in the Roman era.
Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea from around AD 85 until the province was renamed Germania Secunda in the 4th century AD. The capital of the province was Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, modern-day Cologne.
Geography
Borders of the Germania Inferior, with main roads and cities/forts
According to Ptolemy (2.9), Germania Inferior included the Rhine from its mouth up to the mouth of the Obringa, a river identified with either the Aar or the Moselle.[1] The territory included modern-day Luxembourg, the southern Netherlands, part of Belgium, and part of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany, west of the Rhine.
The Roman Empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117–138), showing, on the lower Rhine river, the imperial province of Germania Inferior (NW Germany/S. Netherlands, E. Belgium), and the three legions deployed there in 125. Note that the coast lines shown in the map are those of today, known to be different from those in Roman times in the North Sea area.
Roman settlement in what would become Germania Inferior began around 50 BC, these settlements being incorporated in the province Gallia Belgica. The first confrontations between the Roman army and the peoples of Germania Inferior occurred during Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. Caesar invaded the region in 57 BC and in the next three years annihilated several tribes, including the Eburones and the Menapii, which were most likely Celtic or mixed Celtic-Germanic tribes, though called Germanic by Caesar. Germanic influence (mainly through the Tungri) increased during Roman times, leading to the assimilation of the Celtic peoples in the area.
Despite largely being occupied by Roman forces since the reign of Augustus, Germania Inferior was not integrated as a province until the reign of Domitian (r. 81-96 AD), ca. 85 AD. The province was split from Gallia Belgica following campaigns against the Chatti from 83-85 AD. This expansion led to the creation of two new imperial provinces, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior (Upper & Lower Germany respectively),[2] known together as Germani Cisrhenani. The capitol of Germania Inferior was located at the city of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, modern-day Cologne.[3] The adjective Inferior refers to its position downstream of the Rhine relative to Germania Superior.
The army of Germania Inferior, typically shown on inscriptions as EX.GER.INF. (Exercitus Germaniae Inferioris), included several legions at various times: of these, Legions I Minervia and XXX Ulpia Victrix were the most permanent. The Roman Navy's Classis Germanica (Germanic fleet), charged with patrolling the Rhine and the North Sea coast, were based at Castra Vetera and later at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis.
As attested in the early 5th century document Notitia Dignitatum, the province was renamed Germania Secunda (Germania II) in the 4th century. It was administered by a consularis and formed part of the Diocese of Gaul. Up to the end of Roman control, it was an intensely garrisoned province that was inhabited by Romans and Ripuarian Franks in the 5th century. Its capital remained at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, which also became the seat of a Christian bishopric, which was in charge of an ecclesiastical province that survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
After the final abandonment of the province it became the core of the Frankish Kingdom.
↑"Obringa" in Bruzen la Martiniere, Le Grand Dictionnaire Geographique Volume 6, 1737; Albert Forbiger, Handbuch Der Alten Geographie Volume 3, Mayer und Wigand, 1848, fn (***) p. 126f.
↑Carroll, Maureen (2002). Romans, Celts & Germans: the German provinces of Rome (Reprinteded.). Stroud: Tempus Publ. p.15. ISBN978-0-7524-1912-1.
↑
Rüger, C. (2004) [1996]. "Germany". In Alan K. Bowman; Edward Champlin; Andrew Lintott (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69. Vol.10 (2nded.). Cambridge University Press. pp.527–528. ISBN0-521-26430-8.
Bibliography
Bechert, Tilmann (2007). Germania inferior. Eine Provinz an der Nordgrenze des Römischen Reiches [Germania inferior. A province on the northern frontier of the Roman Empire]. Mainz: Zabern, ISBN978-3-8053-2400-7.
Lendering, Jona (2000). De randen van de aarde: de Romeinen tussen Schelde en Eems. Amsterdam. ISBN90-263-1630-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
As found in the Notitia Dignitatum. Provincial administration reformed and dioceses established by Diocletian, c.293. Permanent praetorian prefectures established after the death of Constantine I. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the theme system in c.640–660, although in Asia Minor and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
