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The first page of the Bender Constitution (Latin-language version, National Archives of Sweden). The tile reads: Latin: Contenta Pactorum inter Ducem et Exercitum Zaporoviensem conventorum, in Compendium brevi Stylo collecta
The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk (Ukrainian: Конституція Пилипа Орлика, romanized:Konstytutsiia Pylypa Orlyka) or the Bender Constitution,[a] formally titled as The Treaties and Resolutions of the Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Host (Latin: Pacta et Constitutiones legum libertatumque Exercitus Zaporoviensis, Ukrainian: Договори і Постановлення Прав і вольностей Війська Запорозького, romanized:Dohovory i Postanovlennia Prav i volʹnostei Viisʹka Zaporozʹkoho), is a constitutional document written by the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host, Pylyp Orlyk,[2] the Cossack elders and the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host on the 5 April 1710 in the city of Bender (Tighina) in the Principality of Moldavia. It is sometimes called the first constitution of Ukraine.[3][4]
It established the principle of the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches. The document limited the executive authority of the hetman, and established a Cossackparliament called the General Council[uk] (General Rada).
After Mazepa died, on 5 April 1710 Pylyp Orlyk was elected as the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host. On the same day, he issued the Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host. Orlyk's Constitution is sometimes referred to by the city of its proclamation, the Bender Constitution.
Articles
The Ukrainian-language title reads: "Договори і постанови прав і свобод військових між Ясновельможним Його Милості паном Пилипом Орликом, новообраним гетьманом Війська Запорізького, і між генеральними особами, полковниками і тим же Військом Запорізьким з повною згодою з обох сторін"[6]
The document is made up of a preamble[7]
and 16 articles.[8]
A conservator at the National Archives of Sweden pages through one of the two remaining copies of the constitution.
Articles 1–5
Articles 1–3 dealt with general Ukrainian affairs. They proclaimed the Eastern Orthodox faith to be the faith of Ukraine, and to further the independence from Moscow, the Kyiv Patriarchate must acquire the direct subordination to the Apostolic Capital of Constantinople. The residence of people proselytizing other faiths, such as Catholicism, Islam and Judaism, must be forbidden. The Sluch River was designated as the boundary between Ukraine and Poland. The articles also recognized the need for an anti-Russian alliance between Ukraine and the Crimean Khanate.
Articles 4–5 reflected the interests of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Bender emigration. The Hetman was obligated:
to expel, with the help of Charles XII, the Russians from Zaporozhian territories
to grant the town of Trakhtemyriv to the Zaporozhians to serve as a hospital, and
to disallow non-Zaporozhians to own anything in Zaporozhian territories
Articles 6–16
Articles 6–10 limited the powers of the hetman and established a Cossack parliament, similar to an extended council of officers, which was to meet three times a year. The General Council was to consist not only of the general staff and the regimental colonels, but also of "an outstanding and worthy individual from each regiment."
Articles 11–16 protected the rights of towns, limited the taxation of peasants and poor Cossacks, and restricted the innkeepers. Charles XII, king of Sweden and "the protector of Ukraine," happened to be in Bender at the time, and confirmed these articles.
On 9 April 2010, the 300th anniversary of the creation of the Constitution, a monument was dedicated in Bender. The monument is in the form of a book with engraved information about the history of the writing of the Constitution and its full name in Ukrainian and Latin.[9]
Notes
↑In the historiography it was variously called as "Договір", "Хартія", "Угода", "Акт", "Конституція", "Державна конституція", "Конституція Пилипа Орлика", "Бендерська конституція", "Козацька конституція", "Конституція Української гетьманської держави", "Перша конституція України", "Конституція Війська Запорозького", "Українська конституція", etc.[1]
Dogovor i postanovlenie mezhdu Get'manom Orlikom i voiskom Zaporozhskim v 1710, in Chteniia v Imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh (Moscow 1858)
Krupnyts’kyi, B. Het'man Pylyp Orlyk i ioho politychna diial’nist’ (1672–1742) (Warsaw 1938)
Vasylenko, M. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk, AUA, 6, nos 3-4 (1958)
Sliusarenko, A. H.; Tomenko, M. V. Istoriia Ukrainskoi Konstytytsii, "Znannia," (Ukraine 1993), ISBN5-7770-0600-0
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