Salamander asia
Salamander asia (famili Hynobiidae ) adalah kelompok salamander primitif yang ditemukan di seluruh Asia dan Rusia Eropa. Kelompok ini berkerabat dekat dengan salamander raksasa (famili Cryptobranchidae ), dengannya kelompok ini membentuk subordo Cryptobranchoidea . Sekitar setengah dari salamander hynobiid yang kini dideskripsikan endemik ke Jepang, tetapi persebarannya juga meliput sebagian Tiongkok , Rusia , Afghanistan dan Iran .[ 1] [ 2]
Salamander jenis ini memiliki ciri fertilisasi eksternal, dimana sel jantan dan betina dilepas ke air. Tidak seperti famili-famili lainnya yang bereproduksi secara internal, salamander asia jantan berfokus pada kantung telur, alih-alih betina, saat kawin.[ 3] [ 4]
Beberapa spesies memiliki paru-paru yang sangat mengecil atau tidak ada sama sekali. Larvanya terkadang memiliki insang eksternal kecil bila mereka hidup di perairan dingin dan kaya akan oksigen.[ 5]
Fosil-fosil Hynobiidae diketahui dari Miosen hingga kini di Asia dan Eropa Timur, tetapi fosil cryptobranchoid yang lebih berkerabat dekat ke Hynobiidae dibandingkan dengan salamander raksasa berusia hingga ke Jura Tengah .[ 6]
Speises
Saat ini, terdapat 100 spesies yang diketahui. Genus-genus ini membentuk famili Hynobiidae:
Subfamili Hynobiinae
Genus Afghanodon
Genus Batrachuperus
Genus Hynobius Hynobius abei Sato, 1934 Hynobius abuensis Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019 Hynobius akiensis Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius amabensis Sugawara and Nagano, 2023 Hynobius amakusaensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 Hynobius amjiensis Gu, 1992 Hynobius arisanensis Maki, 1922 Hynobius bakan Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius bambusicolus Wang, Othman, Qiu and Borzée, 2023 Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912) Hynobius chinensis Günther, 1889 Hynobius dunni Tago, 1931 Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922 Hynobius fossigenus Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018 Hynobius fucus Lai and Lue, 2008 Hynobius geiyoensis Sugawara, Naito, Iwata, and Nagano, 2022 Hynobius geojeensis Min and Borzée, 2021 Hynobius glacialis Lai and Lue, 2008 Hynobius guabangshanensis Shen, 2004 Hynobius guttatus Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius hidamontanus Matsui, 1987 Hynobius hirosei Lantz, 1931 Hynobius ikioi Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017 Hynobius iwami Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019 Hynobius katoi Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004 Hynobius kimurae Dunn, 1923 Hynobius kuishiensis Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius kunibiki Sugawara, Iwata, Yamashita, and Nagano, 2021 Hynobius leechii Boulenger, 1887 Hynobius lichenatus Boulenger, 1883 Hynobius maoershanensis Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006 Hynobius mikawaensis Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017 Hynobius miyazakiensis Sugawara, Nagano, and Sueyoshi, 2023 Hynobius naevius (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) Hynobius nagatoensis Sugawara, Tahara, Matsukoji, and Nagano, 2022 Hynobius nebulosus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838) Hynobius nigrescens Stejneger, 1907 Hynobius nihoensis Sugawara, Nagano, and Nakazono, 2022 Hynobius notialis Min and Borzée, 2021 Hynobius okiensis Sato, 1940 Hynobius oni Kanamori, Nishikawa, Matsui, and Tanabe, 2022 Hynobius osumiensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 Hynobius oyamai Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius owariensis Sugawara, Fujitani, Seguchi, Sawahata, and Nagano, 2022 Hynobius perplicatus Min and Borzée, 2021 Hynobius quelpaertensis Mori, 1928 Hynobius retardatus Dunn, 1923 Hynobius sematonotos Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019 Hynobius sengokui Matsui, Misawa, Yoshikawa, and Nishikawa, 2022 Hynobius setoi Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019 Hynobius setouchi Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019 Hynobius shinichisatoi Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 Hynobius sonani (Maki, 1922) Hynobius stejnegeri Dunn, 1923 Hynobius sumidai Sugawara, Naito, Iwata, and Nagano, 2022 Hynobius takedai Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984 Hynobius tokyoensis Tago, 1931 Hynobius tosashimizuensis Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018 Hynobius tsuensis Abé, 1922 Hynobius tsurugiensis Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019 "Hynobius " turkestanicus Nikolskii, 1910
Hynobius unisacculus Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016 Hynobius utsunomiyaorum Matsui and Okawa, 2019 Hynobius vandenburghi Dunn, 1923 Hynobius yangi Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003 Hynobius yiwuensis Cai, 1985
Genus Liua
Genus Pachyhynobius
Genus Paradactylodon
Genus Pseudohynobius Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus (Hu and Fei, 1978) Pseudohynobius guizhouensis Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010 Pseudohynobius jinfo Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009 Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis Xu and Zeng, 2007 Pseudohynobius puxiongensis (Fei and Ye, 2000) Pseudohynobius shuichengensis Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
Genus Ranodon
Genus Salamandrella Subfamili Onychodactylinae
Genus Onychodactylus Onychodactylus fischeri (Boulenger, 1886) Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014 Onychodactylus intermedius Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014 Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013 Onychodactylus koreanus Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012 Onychodactylus nipponoborealis Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012 Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013 Onychodactylus zhangyapingi Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012 Onychodactylus zhaoermii Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012 Onychodactylus sillanus Min, Borzée, and Poyarkov, 2022 Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus Yoshikawa et Matsui, 2022 Referensi
↑ (Hasumi 2002). ↑ Pough, F. Harvey (July 15, 2015). Herpetology (dalam bahasa Inggris) (Edisi 4th). Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press. hlm. 47. ISBN 978-1-60535-233-6 ↑ (Hasumi, 2002). ↑ Lanza, B.; Vanni., S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians 69 . ISBN 0-12-178560-2 ↑ Hasumi, M. (2002). About hynobiids. Retrieved May 8, 2005 from ↑ Jia, Jia; Anderson, Jason S.; Gao, Ke-Qin (2021-07-23). "Middle Jurassic stem hynobiids from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders" . iScience (dalam bahasa English). 24 (7) 102744. Bibcode :2021iSci...24j2744J . doi :10.1016/j.isci.2021.102744 ISSN 2589-0042 . PMC 8264161 PMID 34278256 . Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link )
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