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Puisi Arab

Puisi Arab (bahasa Arab: الشعر العربيcode: ar is deprecated asy-syi‘r al-‘arabīyy) adalah salah satu bentuk sastra Arab paling awal. Puisi Arab pra-Islam memuat sebagian besar materi puisi tertua dalam bahasa Arab, tetapi prasasti Arab Kuno menunjukkan bahwa seni puisi telah ada dalam tulisan Arab sejak abad ke-1 SM, sementara puisi lisan kemungkinan jauh lebih tua.^[1]

Puisi Arab dikategorikan menjadi dua jenis utama, berirama atau terukur, dan prosa, dengan yang pertama jauh mendahului yang terakhir. Puisi berirama berada dalam lima belas metrum berbeda yang dikumpulkan dan dijelaskan oleh al-Farahidi dalam 'Ilm al-'Arud.^[2] Al-Akhfasy, seorang murid al-Farahidi, kemudian menambahkan satu meter lagi sehingga menjadi enam belas.^[3] Metrum puisi ritmis dikenal dalam bahasa Arab sebagai "lautan" (buḥūr). Satuan ukuran laut dikenal sebagai "taf'īlah," dan setiap lautan mengandung sejumlah taf'ilah yang harus diperhatikan penyair dalam setiap bait puisi. Prosedur pengukuran sebuah puisi sangat ketat. Terkadang menambahkan atau menghilangkan konsonan atau vokal dapat menggeser bait dari satu meter ke meter lainnya. Selain itu, dalam puisi berirama, setiap bait harus diakhiri dengan rima yang sama (qāfiyah) di sepanjang puisi.

Al-Khalil Ahmad al-Farahidi (711–786 M) adalah cendekiawan Arab pertama yang mengkaji prosodi puisi Arab secara rinci melalui kajian fonologis.^[4] Ia gagal menghasilkan teori yang koheren dan terintegrasi yang memenuhi persyaratan keumuman, kecukupan, dan kesederhanaan; alih-alih, ia hanya mendaftar dan mengkategorikan data primer, sehingga menghasilkan formulasi yang sangat rinci tetapi sangat kompleks yang hanya sedikit orang yang mampu menguasai dan memanfaatkannya.^[5]

Para peneliti dan kritikus puisi Arab biasanya mengklasifikasikannya menjadi dua kategori: puisi klasik dan puisi modern. Puisi klasik ditulis sebelum Renaisans Arab (an-Nahḍah).^[6] Dengan demikian, semua puisi yang ditulis dengan gaya klasik disebut "puisi klasik" atau "puisi tradisional" karena mengikuti gaya dan struktur tradisional. Puisi ini juga dikenal sebagai "puisi vertikal" karena struktur vertikal paralel dari kedua bagiannya. Di sisi lain, puisi modern menyimpang dari puisi klasik dalam hal isi, gaya, struktur, rima, dan topik.^[7]

Referensi

↑ Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020). A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic: Notes on key issues in phonology and morphology. hlm. 133–134.
↑ Shmuel Moreh, Modern Arabic Poetry: 1800 – 1970; the Development of Its Forms and Themes Under the Influence of Western Literature, pg. 192. Volume 5 of Studies in Arabic literature: Supplements to the Journal of Arabic Literature. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1976. ISBN 9789004047952
↑ Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1976).The Persian Metres. Cambridge University Press.
↑ al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad Diarsipkan 8 February 2014 di Wayback Machine. at the Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ©2013, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
↑ Muhammad Hasan Bakalla, "Ancient Arab and Muslim Phoneticians: An Appraisal of Their Contrubition to Phonetics." Taken from Current Issues in the Phonetic Sciences: Proceedings of the IPS-77 Congress, Miami Beach, Florida, 17–19 December 1977, Part 1, pg. 4. Eds. Harry Francis Hollien and Patricia Hollien. Volume 9 of Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 1979. ISBN 9789027209108
↑ Stephen Sheehi, Foundations of Modern Arab Identity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004
↑ Suleiman, Yasir (2003). The Arabic Language and National Identity: a Study in Ideology. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-395-0.

Bibliografi

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Badawi, M. M. (1975). A Critical Introduction to Modern Arabic Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20699-5.
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Bacaan lanjutan

Ensiklopedia

Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, ed. (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Vol. 1. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18571-8.
Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, ed. (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Vol. 2. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18572-6.

Antologi

Badawi, Muhammad Mustafa, ed. (1970). An Anthology of Modern Arabic Verse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920032-0.
Classical Poems by Arab Women: A Bilingual Anthology, ed. and trans. by Abdullah al-Udhari. London: Saqi Books, 1999. ISBN 086356-047-4.
Jayyusi, Salma Khadra, ed. (1987). Modern Arabic Poetry: An Anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-23-105273-1.

Lainnya

Abdel-Malek, Zaki N. Towards A New Theory of Arabic Prosody: A Textbook For Students and Instructors.
Athamneh, Waed (2017). Modern Arabic Poetry: Revolution and Conflict. University of Notre Dame Press.
El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005). "The Love of Boys in Arabic Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500–1800," Middle Eastern Literatures. Vol. 8.
Fakhreddine, Huda & Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Poetry, Routledge, 2023.
Orfalea, Gregory; Elmusa, Sharif, ed. (1999). Grape Leaves: A Century of Arab-American Poetry. New York: Interlink. ISBN 1566563380.

Pranala luar

Schematised Arabic metres
Online classical Arabic poetry, to read and to listen
Specimens of Arabian poetry, from the earliest time to the extinction of the Khaliphat, with some account of the authors (1796)
Arabic Chrestomathy : selected passages from Arabic prose-writers, with an appendix containing some specimens of ancient Arabic poetry; with a complete glossary (1911)
The Tajdid Online Forum

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