Founding and early history

In the mid-1850s, Dr. J.D. Starke, stricken with malaria, took a group of slaves, similarly stricken, to the north side of an open, pine-wooded lake that provided clear and clean water to avoid further malaria outbreaks. The camp built by the group provided a base of operations from which to commute during the day to work the fields near Lake Apopka and rest at night.

As the camp grew into a village, it took the name Starke Lake, a name the lake upon which the group settled bears to this day. The city's population increased further after the American Civil War as Confederate soldiers and their families settled into the area, including Captain Bluford Sims and General William Temple Withers, who wintered at the location.^[1] Captain Sims received a land grant for a 74-acre parcel to the west of Starke Lake in what is now the downtown portion of Ocoee on October 5, 1883.^[2] In 1886, Captain Sims, along with a group of original settlers, led an effort to have the town platted and changed the name to Ocoee, after a river he grew up near in Tennessee.^[2] Ocoee is a Cherokee Indian word anglicized from uwagahi, meaning "apricot vine place"^[3] and this inspired the choice of the city's flower.^[4]

Bluford Sims began groundbreaking work in budding wild orange trees while in Ocoee. His commercial citrus nursery was the first in the United States in Ocoee, supplying many other groves in Florida with their first trees, as well as shipping young citrus trees to California.^[3] The construction of the Florida Midland Railroad in the 1880s spurred growth in the area and many more settlers moved in.^[4]

Ocoee massacre

On November 2, 1920, after July Perry and Mose Norman, two Black men, attempted to vote and encouraged other Black people to vote, the entire Black population of the town was attacked by a mob organized by the Ku Klux Klan. On the night of the massacre, White World War I veterans from throughout Orange County murdered dozens of African-American residents.^[10] At least 24 Black homes were burned, the institutions constituting the Black community were destroyed, and Perry was lynched.^[11] Before the massacre, Ocoee's Black population numbered about 500; after the massacre, however, the Black population was nearly eliminated. For more than 40 years, Ocoee remained an all-White sundown town.^[12][13] In 2018, the city commission issued a proclamation formally acknowledging the massacre and declaring that Ocoee is no longer a sundown town.^[14]

Incorporation and modern history

Ocoee was incorporated in 1922^[3] (or 1923^[4][5]) and became a city in 1925.^[4]

Highway construction was the impetus for Ocoee's growth in the 20th century. Florida State Road 50 (SR 50) was constructed south of downtown Ocoee in 1959 and provided a direct east-west connection between the city and a growing Orlando and made the town more accessible to housing developers.^[4] Florida's Turnpike was opened just south of downtown Ocoee in 1964.^[4] In late 1990, Ocoee was connected to Orlando by a western extension of Florida State Road 408 (the East-West Expressway), which then joined the Florida's Turnpike south of SR 50.^[4] In 2000, the completion of Florida State Road 429 (the Western Expressway) linked Ocoee with Walt Disney World to the south.^[4]

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, the City of Ocoee has a humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa).

Racial and ethnic composition

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, Ocoee had a population of 47,295. The median age was 37.0 years. 24.0% of residents were under the age of 18 and 12.1% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 94.1 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 90.7 males age 18 and over.^[24][25]

100.0% of residents lived in urban areas, while 0.0% lived in rural areas.^[26]

There were 15,859 households in Ocoee, of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 54.1% were married-couple households, 14.1% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 25.3% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.^[24]

There were 11,474 families in the city.^[27]

There were 16,495 housing units, of which 3.9% were vacant. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0% and the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%.^[24]

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States census, 35,579 people, 11,586 households, and 9,178 families resided in the city.^[28]

2000 census

As of the 2000 census,^[9] 24,391 people, 8,072 households, and 6,554 families were living in the city. The population density was 1,843.1 inhabitants per square mile (711.6/km²). The 8,405 housing units had an average density of 635.1 per square mile (245.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.47% White, 6.59% African American, 0.35% Native American, 2.93% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 6.22% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 15.20% of the population.

Of the 8,072 households, 44.9% had children under 18 living with them, 65.9% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.8% were not families. About 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.28.

In 2000, in the city, the age distribution was 29.2% under 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $53,225 and for a family was $56,865. Males had a median income of $33,628 versus $26,519 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,896. About 4.2% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under 18 and 8.1% of those 65 or over.