Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi telah diteliti oleh berbagai sumber, dan hasilnya disajikan dalam tabel di bawah ini. Unsur paling melimpah di kerak Bumi adalah oksigen , diikuti silikon , aluminium , dan besi .
Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi, menurut berbagai sumber
Urutan nomor , nama, simbolKelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi (ppm, bagian per sejuta) Produksi tahunan
Darling[ 1]
Barbalace[ 2]
WebElements[ 3]
Israel Science and Technology[ 4]
Jefferson Lab[ 5]
(2016, dalam ton)[ 6]
1
8
oksigen O
466,000
474,000
460,000
467,100
461,000
2
14
silikon Si
277,200
277,100
270,000
276,900
282,000
7,200,000
3
13
aluminium Al
81,300
82,000
82,000
80,700
82,300
57,600,000
4
26
besi Fe
50,000
41,000
63,000
50,500
56,300
1,150,000,000
5
20
kalsium Ca
36,300
41,000
50,000
36,500
41,500
6
11
natrium Na
28,300
23,000
23,000
27,500
23,600
255,000,000
7
12
magnesium Mg
20,900
23,000
29,000
20,800
23,300
1,010,000
8
19
kalium K
25,900
21,000
15,000
25,800
20,900
9
22
titanium Ti
4,400
5,600
6,600
6,200
5,600
6,600,000
10
1
hidrogen H
1,400
1,500
1,400
1,400
11
15
fosfor P
1,200
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,050
12
25
mangan Mn
1,000
950
1,100
900
950
16,000,000
13
9
fluorin F
800
950
540
290
585
14
56
barium Ba
500
340
340
500
425
15
6
karbon C
300
480
1,800
940
200
16
38
stronsium Sr
370
360
370
350,000
17
16
sulfur S
500
260
420
520
350
69,300,000
18
40
zirkonium Zr
190
130
250
165
1,460,000
19
74
tungsten W
160.6
1.1
1.25
86,400
20
23
vanadium V
100
160
190
120
76,000
21
17
klorin Cl
500
130
170
450
145
22
24
kromium Cr
100
100
140
350
102
26,000,000
23
37
rubidium Rb
300
90
60
90
24
28
nikel Ni
80
90
190
84
2,250,000
25
30
seng Zn
75
79
70
11,900,000
26
29
tembaga Cu
100
50
68
60
19,400,000
27
58
cerium Ce
68
60
66.5
28
60
neodymium Nd
38
33
41.5
29
57
lanthanum La
32
34
39
30
39
yttrium Y
30
29
33
6,000
31
7
nitrogen N
50
25
20
19
140,000,000
32
27
cobalt Co
20
30
25
123,000
33
3
lithium Li
20
17
20
35,000
34
41
niobium Nb
20
17
20
64,000
35
31
gallium Ga
18
19
19
36
21
skandium Sc
16
26
22
37
82
timbal Pb
14
10
14
4,820,000
38
62
samarium Sm
7.9
6
7.05
39
90
torium Th
12
6
9.6
40
59
praseodymium Pr
9.5
8.7
9.2
41
5
boron B
950
8.7
10
9,400,000
42
64
gadolinium Gd
7.7
5.2
6.2
43
66
dysprosium Dy
6
6.2
5.2
44
72
hafnium Hf
5.3
3.3
3.0
45
68
erbium Er
3.8
3.0
3.5
46
70
ytterbium Yb
3.3
2.8
3.2
47
55
caesium Cs
3
1.9
3
48
4
beryllium Be
2.6
1.9
2.8
220
49
50
tin Sn
0
2.2
2.2
2.3
280,000
50
63
europium Eu
2.1
1.8
2.0
51
92
uranium U
0
1.8
2.7
74,119
52
73
tantalum Ta
2
1.7
2.0
1,100
53
32
germanium Ge
1.8
1.4
1.5
155
54
42
molybdenum Mo
1.5
1.1
1.2
227,000
55
33
arsenic As
1.5
2.1
1.8
36,500
56
67
holmium Ho
1.4
1.2
1.3
57
65
terbium Tb
1.1
0.94
1.2
58
69
thulium Tm
0.48
0.45
0.52
59
35
bromine Br
0.37
3
2.4
391,000
60
81
thallium Tl
0.6
0.530
0.850
10
61
71
lutetium [ 7] Lu
0.5
62
51
antimony Sb
0.2
0.2
0.2
130,000
63
53
iodine I
0.14
0.490
0.450
31,600
64
48
cadmium Cd
0.11
0.15
0.15
23,000
65
47
perak Ag
0.070
0.080
0.075
27,000
66
80
raksa Hg
0.05
0.067
0.085
4,500
67
34
selenium Se
0.05
0.05
0.05
2,200
68
49
indium In
0.049
0.160
0.250
655
69
83
bismut Bi
0.048
0.025
0.0085
10,200
70
52
tellurium Te
0.005
0.001
0.001
2,200
71
78
platinum Pt
0.003
0.0037
0.005
172
72
79
emas Au
0.0011
0.0031
0.004
3,100
73
44
ruthenium Ru
0.001
0.001
0.001
74
46
palladium Pd
0.0006
0.0063
0.015
208
75
75
rhenium Re
0.0004
0.0026
0.0007
47.2
76
77
iridium Ir
0.0003
0.0004
0.001
77
45
rhodium Rh
0.0002
0.0007
0.001
78
76
osmium Os
0.0001
0.0018
0.0015
Referensi
↑ "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance" . www.daviddarling.info. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 10 April 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 . ↑ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements" . Environmental Chemistry.com. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 . ↑
"Abundance in Earth's Crust" . WebElements.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 9 March 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 . ↑
"List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust" . Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-15 . ↑
"It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements" . Jefferson Lab. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 29 April 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 . ↑ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet Diarsipkan 2017-10-01 di Wayback Machine . ↑ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements 240– 242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5