Garegin II was born as Ktrij Nersessian in Voskehat, Armenia, on 21 August 1951. He entered the Gevorkian Theological Seminary at Echmiadzin in 1965 and graduated with honours in 1971. He was ordained to the diaconate in 1970. Later he became a monk and was ordained a priest in 1972. In the late 1970s the Catholicos of that period encouraged him to study outside of Armenia. This led to him continuing his studies in Vienna, Bonn University, and Zagorsk, Russia. On 23 October 1983, he was consecrated bishop at Echmiadzin. He became an archbishop in 1992.
Garegin II speaks fluent German from his time in Germany and Austria.[1] In 1975 during his time in Cologne he was the spiritual representative of nine Armenian congregations in Germany.[1]
In 1988 Garegin took an active role in helping his people overcome the Armenian earthquake. He oversaw the construction of a number of churches and schools in Armenia. He also showed an interest in using modern technology and telecommunications to help the life of his churches as well as dealing with the legacies of the Soviet era.
On 27 October 1999 he was elected the 132nd Catholicos of All Armenians at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, succeeding Karekin I. His relations with Pope John Paul II were generally positive. When the Pope visited Armenia in 2001, he stayed with the Catholicos.
The delegates to the 10th General Assembly of the World Council of Churches that took place in Busan, South Korea, on 4 November, unanimously elected Catholicos of All Armenians Garegin II, the supreme patriarch and head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, head of the organisation for the next eight years.
Pope Francis and Garegin II, at an ecumenic ceremony at the Republic Square, Yerevan, Armenia, in 2016
On 26 June 2016, Catholicos Garegin and Pope Francis signed a joint declaration on the family. It stated that the secularisation of society and its "alienation from the spiritual and divine" are damaging to the family, and affirmed that the Catholic and Armenian Apostolic churches share a marriage-based view of the family. The declaration also took note of various positive steps taken towards unity between the two leaders' churches, and "acknowledged the successful 'new phase' in relations" between them. It also lamented "immense tragedy" of the widespread persecution of Christians in the Middle East; the Pope and the Catholicos prayed "for a change of heart in all those who commit such crimes and those who are in a position to stop the violence".[3]
On 9 June 2025, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan alleged in a Facebook post that Garegin II had broken his vow of celibacy and had a child and must step down if unable to disprove the allegation. In the preceding days, Pashinyan had made several attacks on social media against senior clergymen, likewise accusing them of breaking their vows of celibacy.[4] On June 10, Pashinyan announced the creation of a "coordinating council" to organize Garegin's removal and the election of a new catholicos.[5] Garegin stated on June 11 that questions regarding the church and the clergy should be discussed by the appropriate bodies and called on people not to allow any actions that would threaten national unity.[6]
By December 2025, four high-ranking clergy had been arrested and ten church leaders had called for Garegin II’s resignation.[7][8] His brother and nephew had also been arrested.[9]
In January 2026, the Prime Minister called for Garegin II’s resignation and reforms of the church.[10] He also led a march in Yerevan in support of the government reforming the Church and to stop it from being used against Armenia.[11] In February 2026, Garegin II stated that the Armenian Apostolic Church was under attack, with clergy facing persecution and coercion.[12]
Criminal case
On 15 February 2026, the Armenian authorities opened a criminal case against Garegin II (officially accusing him of obstructing the enforcement of a court ruling) and restricted him from leaving the country; the Church condemned the move as unlawful and politically motivated.[9][13][14] This came one day before the Church’s official Synod meeting.[12]
