Lokasi istana saat ininya pertama kali dibentengi pada 1076 oleh panglima perang TurkmanAtsiz bin Uvak, meskipun diyakini sebuah istana telah berdiri di tempat tersebut pada zaman Helenistik dan Romawi.
Referensi
Daftar pustaka
Adorni, Elisa; Venturelli, Giampiero (2010), "Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria)", International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 4 (4): 337–350, doi:10.1080/15583050903121851
Berthier, Sophie (2006), "La Citadelle de Damas: les apports d'une étude archéologique", dalam Kennedy, Hugh (ed.), Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period, History of Warfare (dalam bahasa French), vol.35, Leiden: Brill, hlm.151–164, ISBN90-04-14713-6 Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
Burns, Ross (2005), Damascus: A History, Milton Park: Routledge, ISBN0-415-27105-3
Chevedden, Paul (1986), The Citadel of Damascus, Ann Arbor: U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service, OCLC640193186
Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN978-0-520-05224-6
Hanisch, Hanspeter (1996), Die ayyūbidischen Toranlangen der Zitadelle von Damaskus. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des mittelalterlichen Festungsbauwesen in Syrien (dalam bahasa German), Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, ISBN3-88226-886-7 Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
Hillenbrand, Carole (2001), "The Career of Zengi", dalam Phillips, Jonathan; Hoch, Martin (ed.), The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences, Manchester: Manchester University Press, hlm.111–132, ISBN978-0-7190-5711-3
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977), From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, Albany: SUNY Press, ISBN978-0-87395-263-7
Nicolle, David (2009), The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster Outside Damascus, Oxford: Osprey, ISBN978-1-84603-354-4
Phillips, Jonathan (2001), "The Latin East 1098–1291", dalam Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, Oxford: Oxford University Press, hlm.112–140, ISBN978-0-19-285428-5
Runciman, Steven (1987), A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the later Crusades, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-34772-3
Wright, Quincy (1926), "The Bombardment of Damascus", American Journal of International Law, 20 (2): 263–280, doi:10.2307/2188917