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Bengali-Assamese languages

Bengali–Assamese languages

Sub group of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent

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Bengali-Assamese
Gauda–Kamarupa
Geographic distribution	Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Odia–Bengali-Assamese^[1] Bengali-Assamese
Early form	Magadhi Prakrit
Language codes
Glottolog	`gaud1237` (Gauda–Kamrupa)

The Bengali-Assamese languages (also Gauda–Kamarupa languages) is a grouping of several languages in the eastern Indian subcontinent. This group belongs to the Eastern zone of Indo-Aryan languages. The languages in this group, according to Glottolog, include Assamese, Bengali, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Chittagonian, Goalpariya, Hajong, Kewat, Kharia Thar, Kurmukar, Lodhi, Mal Paharia, Noakhali, Rajbanshi, Rangpuri, Rohingya, Sylheti, Tangchangya, Thar and Surjapuri.

Languages

Language	Native name	Script	Alphabet	Number of speakers (in millions)	Native region
Assamese	অসমীয়া Oxomiya	Bengali–Assamese script	Assamese alphabet	15.3^[2]	India (Assam)
Bengali	বাংলা Bangla	Bengali–Assamese script	Bengali alphabet	261.8^[3]	Bangladesh (national and official) India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Tripura, parts of Assam, Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
Bishnupriya Manipuri	বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bișnupriya Monipuri	Bengali–Assamese script	Bengali alphabet^[4]		India (Assam, Manipur and Tripura) Bangladesh (Sylhet Division)
Chakma	𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟 চাকমা Sangma	Bengali–Assamese script Chakma script Latin script^[5]		0.32^[6]	Bangladesh (Chittagong Division) India (Mizoram and Tripura) Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Chittagonian	চাটগাঁইয়া সিটাইঙগা siʈaiŋga	Bengali–Assamese script Arabic script Latin script^[7]	Chittagonian Alphabet	13^[8]	Bangladesh (Chittagong Division) Myanmar (Rakhine State)
Hajong	হাজং Hazong	Bengali–Assamese script Latin script	Assamese alphabet^[9]^[10] Bengali alphabet^[11]	0.06^[11]	India (Assam and Meghalaya) Bangladesh (Mymensingh Division)
Rangpuri/ Kamtapuri/ Rajbongshi	রংপুরী কামতাপুৰী ৰাজবংশী राजबंशी Rongpuri Kamatapuri Rajbanshi	Bengali–Assamese script, Devanagari^[12]	Bengali alphabet,^[13] Assamese alphabet^[14]	10.8^[13]	Bangladesh (Rangpur Division) India (West Bengal and Assam) Nepal (Koshi Province)
Noakhali	نواکھلی নোয়াখাইল্লা Noakhailla	Bengali–Assamese script	Bengali alphabet	12	Bangladesh (Greater Noakhali) India (Tripura)
Rohingya	رُحَ࣪ڠۡگَ࣪ࢬ‎ 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 Ruáingga	Arabic script Hanifi script Latin script^[15]		2.52^[16]	Myanmar (Rakhine State) Bangladesh (Chittagong Division)
Surjapuri	सुरजापुरी সুরজাপুরী Surjapuri	Devanagari Bengali–Assamese script	Bengali alphabet	2.26^[17]	India (Bihar, West Bengal) Nepal (Koshi Province)
Sylheti	ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ছিলটি Siloŧi	Bengali–Assamese script Sylheti Nagari script	Sylheti alphabet^[18]	11.8^[18]	Bangladesh (Sylhet Division) India (Assam, Meghalaya, North Tripura)
Tanchangya	𑄖𑄧𑄐𑄴𑄌𑄧𑄁𑄉𑄴𑄡 তঞ্চংগ্যা Toncongya	Chakma script^[5]		0.02^[19]	Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts)

Language comparison chart

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* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)

English	Assamese	Bengali	Chakma	Chittagonian	Hajong	Kamatapuri	Rohingya	Sylheti
beautiful	dhunia, thogua/thouga, xundor/xundar	śundor*	dol	dishar,šundor			cúndor, hásin	šundor, kubsurot, mayasurot
big	daṅor/daṅar, bor	boṛo, ḍagor, ḍaṅor		đôñr		boro, daṅar	boro, ákbor, kobira	boṛo
blood	tez	rôkto, khun, lohu	lo	lou, rôktô			lou, hún, kún	lou, roxto, kun
bread	ruti (flat), pauruti, luf, bred*	pão*ruṭi, ruṭi (flat)		fõruţi			fiçá, luthi	ruṭi (flat), luf*
brother	bhai (younger), kokai/kaka (elder), dada (elder)*	bhai, dada, bhaiya		bái, bôdda		bhai	bái	bái, báia
cat	mekuri/meukri/mekur, birali/biroli, biral	biṛal, bilai/bilei		bilai/bilei, miúr			bilai	mekur, bilai
dark	andhar, endhar	ãdhar, andhar, ondhokar*		ãdár			añdár, miyonda	andáir
daughter	zi, mai, aapi, zhia, ziori	maiya/meye, konna*, jhi		zee, maifuā		beti	futúni, zíi	zi, fuṛi
day	din, bêla	din, bêla, roz, dibôš*		din		din	din	din, ruz*
dog	kukur	kukur, kutta		kuĩr, kutto			kuñr	atu, kutta
door	duar, dorza, dar	dôroja/dôrja, duar		duōr, kebar		duar*	duar*	xeir, dorza, duar
earth	bhũi, p(r)ithiwi/p(r)ithibi*	duniya, prithibi, dhora, jahan		duniye,fithibi,			duniyai*	duniai, dunia, zahan*
egg	koni, dima/dim	ḍim, anḍa, boida*	boda*	đim,anḍa		ḍima	andha, dhim	enḍa, ḍim, boida*
elephant	hati/hathi	hati		áti		hati	áñti, háñtih	átti
eye	soku, sokhu	choukh/chokh, ãkhi, noyon, chokkhu		sóg			suk	soku, uki, souk
father	deuta, bap, büpai/bapa, pitai/pite/piti, aba/abba/abu/abbu*	bap, abba, baba, abbu, pita, waled*		baf, ba,abba			abbá*	baf, bazi
fear	bhoy, dor	bhôy*, ḍor		đôr			ḍor	ḍor
finger	aṅuli/aṅli	aṅgul, onguli*		ôuñl	ouñl			aṅguil
fire	zui, aguni*	aguin/agun, ogni, nar, atosh, anol, pabok, dahon		ôin*		zui	ooin*	aguin, nar, atosh*
fish	mas	machh		mas		mas	mas	mas, mai*
food	khüabostu, khauni, ahar, khayddo, khana	khabar, khaon, khana, khani, khaddo, ahar		hána		hána, háñna	xani	xani
god	bhogowan, is(s)or, deu, probhu, khuda	khoda, isshôr, bhôgôban, srishtikorta, mabud*		khúda*,rôb, ūôr ôla			ila, rob, ixor*	mobud, mola, rob, xoda, bhogòban*
good	bhal	bhalo/bhala		bála, gôm	bhala	bhal	gom	bála
grass	ghah, kher (hay)	ghash, khôṛ (hay)		kér		ghaṣ	kérr	ga, gaš
hand	hat	hat		át		hat	árt	át
hand fan	bisoni/biseni/bisni	hat-pakha, biuni, bijoni		bisôin, bisein				bisoin, fanka
head	mur, matha, math	matha, shir, kolla		mata, hôlla			matá	sir, xolla, mata
heart (emotion)	hia, ontor, koliza/koilza, hidoy	(h)ridôy, ôntôr, hiya, dil, kolob, kolija/koilja		dil*, hôilze, ridôy, ôntôr			dil*	dil*, hia
heart (organ)	hia, dil, amothu	(h)ritpindô,dil, kolija/koilja					dil*	gurda
horse	ghü̃ra/ghora	ghoṛa		gúṛa			gúñra, gúra	gúṛa
house	ghor	ghôr, baṛi, basha, khana*		gór			gor, bari	gór, bari, xan*
hunger	bhük/bhokh	khudha, khida, khide*, bhuk		búk			búk	buk, feto(r) buk
language	bhaxa, mat (call), kotha, raw	bhasha, buli, jôban/zôban	hodá*	basha,zúban,buli		raw, bhaṣa*	zoban, hodá	mat, bul, rau, zoban, basha
laughter	hãhi	hashi		aši		haṣi		aši
life	zion/ziwon, ziu (soul), hayat*	jibôn, jindegi, hayat*		zibon,zindegi,hayat		zibon		zindegi, zibon, hayat*
moon	zün, sand	chãd/chand, chôndro, bôdôr, shôshi*		sãn	san		san	san(d), sondoni
mother	ma, ai, mai, mao, ammi/amma*	ma, amma, ammu, waleda, mata*, ai		ma		maö, ai		mai, ai, maizi
mouth	mukh*, mu-	mukh*, mu(h)		mukh*		muk*		muk*
name	nam, naü	nam		nam			nam	nam
night	rati, nixa*	rat/rait, ratri, shob		rait		rati	rait	rait, rati, nii, shob, lailot
peace	xanti*, xokah	shanti, aman, salamôt*		šanti*		ṣanti*		niraii, shanti, salamôt
place	thai, zega/zaga*, than	jayga/jaga/jega, ṭhai, sthan		ṭai, zāga*				zega*, tan
queen	rani, madoi, patmadoi	rani, shahbanu*		rani		rani	rani	rani, razbibi, sha(h)banu*
rest	zironi, aram*	aram, bisram, jirano, jiron		dom*,zirôn,aram gôrôn				zirani, aram*
river	noi, gaṅ, nodi*	nôdi, doriya, ɡaṅg		dôijja*,dôirge			hál	ɡaṅg, nodi*
road	bat, ali, rasta, poth	rasta, shoṛok, pôth						sorox, rah, rasta, ail, fot*
salt	nimokh*, lün/nun	lôbôn, nun, nomok		lôbôn*, lun/nun				nimox, nun, lobon
sister	bhoni/boini/boni (younger), ba/bai (elder)	apa*, apu/api, boin/bon, didi		bóin,afa/bôbbu/dî/afu (elder)				bóin, buai
small	xoru, süto	chhoṭo, pati		guro				huru, nii, kuṭimuti, gura, titkina, geda, suṭu
son	put, pü, aapa	chhele, putro*, put, po, bêṭa		(morod) fuā, fut		beṭa	fut	fut, fua
soul	ziu, atma/atta*	atta, pran, pôran, ruh, jiu		foran, rû				ru, atma, zaan*
sun	beli	shurjo, shuruj		beil, šuroz*			beil	suruz, shurzo
ten	doh, dos*	dosh		doš		doṣ		dosh, do
three	tini	tin		tín			tin	tin
village	gaü̃	gram*, gã, gão		geram				gau
waist	kõkal/kakal	komor*, maja		keĩl			keñil	xomor*, xaxal
water	pani	pani, jôl*		fani	pani	pani, zol*	faní	fani, ab*, tam
when	ketia/kitia/kita, kethan/kethen, kesen, ketiyake	kôkhôn, kobe, kon shômôy*, kon bêla		hótte		könbela		kunbala(n->m), kunomoy
wind	botah/batah	batash, hawa, ba/bao, bayu, bat, anil*		ába, bataš				boyar, batash, hawa
wolf	kukurnesia bagh, xial (jackal, fox)	nekṛe-bagh, sheyal/shiyal (jackal, fox)		neṛi kutta				atubag, hial (jackal, fox)
woman	maiki manuh, tiri, tirüta, mohila	mohila, nari, beṭi manush, chheri		maiye fua,maifuā (soft)		beṭi saöa		beṭi, moíla*
year	bosor, son*	bochhor, shal, borsho, botshor*		bosor		bosor		fira, bosor, son, shal
yes	hoy, o, ü̃, mm	hê/hễ, ji*, agge, hã		ô, ôy			ô, ôy	óe, i, zi* óe
no	nohoy, nai, ühü, na	na, nai/nae/nei, noy, non		nô, nôy			nô, nôy	na, nai, nay
yesterday	kali, züa-kali/zawa-kali	(goto*-)kal(-ke), (gelo-)kal(-ke),kal(-ke)		goto* hail, goto* halia				(gese-)xail(-ku), xail(-ku)
English	Assamese	Bengali	Chakma	Chittagonian	Hajong	Kamatapuri	Rohingya	Sylheti

* = borrowed terms (including tatsamas, ardhatatsamas and other borrowings)

Verbs

English	Assamese	Sylheti	Bengali	Chakma	Chittagonian	Kamatapuri	Rohingya	Hajong
ask	xudh-, xudhpus kor- (investigate)	zika-, fus-, zar-	jiggaśa kor-, puchh-, puch kor-, jiggesh kor-, jiga-		pũsar ɡor-
bite	kamür-, kamür mar-	xamṛa-, xamor maeth[4r]bh=['r45t6h[=]uj[kp=r-	kamoṛ mar-, kamṛa-		hõr-
blow	phu de-, phuk-, phu kor-	fu de-, hu de-	phu deua-
breathe	uxah lo-	dom lo-	šãš ne-, šãš lo-, dôm ne-, dôm lo-
bring	an-	an-	an-		an-
can	par-	far-	par-
catch	dhor-	dór-	dhôr-
come	ah-	a-	aś-		a-		a-	ah-
count	gon-, hisap kor-, gonti kor-	gon-, isab xor-	gon-, hišab kôr-
cry	kand-, kan-	xand-, xan-	kãd-		hãd-
cut	kat-	xaṭ-	kaṭ-
do	kor-	xor-	kôr-		gor-		ɡor-
die	mor-, dhuka-	mor-	môr-		mor-
dig	khand-	kur-, kus-	khõṛ-, khõc-
drink	kha-, pi kha-, pi-	xa-, fia xa-, fi-	kha-, pan kor-, pi-
eat	kha-	xa-	kha-				há-
fall	por-	foṛ-	poṛ-
fear	bhoy kha-, dora-	ḍora-	bhoy pa-, ḍora-
fight	zũz-, maramari/moramori kor-	mair xor-, xaijja xor-	maramari kor-, jhogṛa kôr-
float	üpoṅ-, bhah-	bai-, bo-	bhaš-
flow	bo-	bo-	bo-
fly	ur-	uṛ-	uṛ-		ur-		ur-
give	de-, di-	de-, di-	de-
go	za-, ɡo-/ge-	za-, ɡo-, ɡe-	ja-, ɡe-		za-, zo-		za-, zo-
happen	ho-	ó-	ho-		ó-
hear	xun-	hun-	śun-		un-
hit	mar-, pit-, kila-	mar-, fiț-, kila-	mar-, kela-
kill	mar-, mari pela-	mar-, mari de-	mar-, mere fel-, mariya fal-
know	zan-	zan-	jan-
laugh	hãh-	aś-	haś-		aś-
learn	xik-, xikh-	hik-	śekh-, śikh-					hik-
lie (in bed)	baɡor-, kati ho-, bisonat/bisnat por-	xait o-, hut-	shuye por-
live	thak-, zi(ai) thak-, tik-, basi thak-	tax-, zia-, basi tax-	thak-, jibito thak-, jinda thak-, bece thak-, bãchiya thak-		thah-
look	sa-	sa-	dekh-, ca-, taka-		sa-
open	khul-	kúa-	khol-, khul-		uid-, khúl-
play	khel-	xél-	khel-
pull	tan-	ṭan-	ṭan-
push	thel-	ṭel-, dekka-	ṭhel-
read	porh/poh/por-	foṛ-	poṛ-		foṛ-
run	dour-, daur-	douṛ-	douṛa-, choṭ-, chuṭ-		dũr-
say	ko-, mat-, bul-	xo-, mat-	bol-, ko-	ho-	ho-
scratch	ãsür-	xawza-, xamsa-	ãcoṛ de-, ãcṛa-, khamca-
see	dekh-	dex-	dekh-		sa-
sew	xi-, sila-, bo- (weave)	sia-	śela-, śila
sing	ɡa-, gan ga-	ɡa-	ɡa-, gan ga-
sit	boh-	bo-	boś-		bo-
sleep	xu-, ɡhuma-, tüponi za/mar-	hut-, ɡúma-	ɡhuma-, śo-, śu-		ɡhum za-
smell	xuṅ-	huṅ(ɡ)-	śũk-, śõk-		ũ-
spit	thu pela-, pik-, pik pela-	sef fal-, fik fal- (betel nut/leaf)	thu phel-, thu phal-
split	phal-	atra-	bhag kor-, bhang-
squeeze	sep-, hẽs-	sif-	cap-, pesh-, cip-
stand	thio ho-, thia-	uba-	dãṛa-, khaṛa-			thio-	tía-
stab	khũs-, han-	kus-, gauua-
suck	suh-, sup-, xüh-	sua-	chosh-, chush-
swell		ful-, fit-			phuler
swim	xatũr-	hatra-	śatar kor-, shatra-
think	bhab-, sinta kor-, sint-	bab-, sinta xor-, mone kôr-	bhab-, cinta kôr-, mone kôr-
throw	dolia-	ița-, iṭa mar-	chõṛ-, ḍhêla mar-, dol-
tie	bandh-	ban(d)-	bãdh-
vomit	bomi kor-	bait xor-	bomi kor-
walk	khüz karh-, bul-	aṭ-	hãṭ-		ãd-
want	lag-, bisar-	maɡ-, sa-	ca-		sa-
wash	dhu-	dó-	dho-				dú-
wipe	mos-, müs-	fus-, mus-	moch-, much-, poch-, puch-
English	Assamese	Sylheti	Bengali	Chakma	Chittagonian	Kamatapuri	Rohingya	Hajong

References

↑ Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University. p. 305.
↑ "Assamese". Ethnologue (Free All). Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ "Bengali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ Kim, Amy; Kim, Seung. Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey (PDF). SIL INTERNATIONAL. p. 11. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
1 2 "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
↑ "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
↑ "Chittagonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ Hajong, Phillips & Phillips (2008, p. 1)
↑ "Hajong".
1 2 "Hajong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ Minahan, James B. (2012). "Rajbongshis". Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Generally, the Rajbongshi language is known as Rangpuri in Bangladesh and Kamta or Rajbangshi in India. The language is usually written in Bengali script in Bangladesh, while the Kamtapura script is favored in India. In Nepal, the language uses Devanagari script which is also sometimes used by the Indian Rajbongshis.
1 2 "Rangpuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ "As a ritual of purgation they are discarding the Bengali /r/ with a dot and the same is replaced with the original /r/ with a diagonal slash, as used in Assamese script despite the fact that the Rajbanshis in Bengal have been conditioned to use the Bengali /r/ owing to the long processes of forceful imposition of Bengali language upon them." (Pradhani 2012:52)
↑ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
↑ "Rohingya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ "Surjapuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
1 2 "Sylheti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
↑ "Tangchangya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

Bibliography

Hajong, Abonis; Phillips, D; Phillips, V (2008), Hajong–English Phrase Book (PDF), SIL International
Pradhani, Jyotirmoy (2012). "Resonance of Identity in Rajbanshi Poetry" (PDF). The NEHU Journal. X (1).

Indo-Aryan languages

Dardic?

Kashmiric	Kashmiri Kishtwari Pogali
Shinaic	Brokskat Kalkoti Kohistani Shina Kundal Shahi Sawi Shina Palula Ushoji
Kunar	Dameli? Gawar-Bati Nangalami Shumashti
Kohistani	Bateri Chilisso Gawri Gowro Indus Kohistani Tirahi Torwali Mankiyali Wotapuri–Katarqalai
Others	Chitrali? Chitrali Kalasha Urtsuniwar Khowar Gandhari Pashayi

Northern

Eastern	Doteli Jumli Nepali
Central	Garhwali Kumaoni
Western	Dogri Kangri Bhadarwahi Churahi Bhateali Bilaspuri Chambeali Gaddi Pangwali Mandeali Mahasu Pahari Jaunsari Kullui Pahari Kinnauri Hinduri Sirmauri Sarazi

Northwestern

Punjabi

Eastern	Punjabi dialects Sansi
Lahnda	Hindko Inku Khetrani Pahari-Pothwari Saraiki

Sindhi

Jadgali
Kholosi
Kutchi
Luwati
Memoni
Sindhi

Western

Gujarati

Aer
Gujarati
- Lisan ud-Dawat
Jandavra
Koli
- Kachi
- Parkari
- Wadiyara
Saurashtra
Vaghri

Rajasthani

Bagri
Dhatki
Dhundari
Goaria
Gujari
Harauti
Lambadi
Loarki
Malvi
Marwari
Mewari
Mewati
- Ahirwati
Nimadi
Od
Shekhawati

Bhil

Bhili
Bhilali
Chodri
Dhodia–Kukna
Dhanki
Dubli
Bauria
Bhilori
Mawchi
Magari
Palya Bareli
Pauri Bareli
Rathwi Bareli
Pardhi
Gamit
Kalto
Vasavi
Wagdi
Vaagri Booli

Romani

Northern	British Romani Angloromani Scottish Cant Welsh Romani Northwestern Romani Finnish Romani Laiuse Romani Scandoromani Sinte Romani
Others	Balkan Romani Rumelian Romani Zargari Romani Baltic Romani Caló Carpathian Romani Bohemian Romani Greek Romani Serbian Romani Vlax Romani Kalderash Romani Erromintxela

Others

Khandeshi
Dawoodi
Domari
- Kurbet
Lomavren

Central

Western	Braj Bhasha Bundeli Haryanvi Hindustani Kauravi Hindi Hinglish/Urdish Urdu Deccani Judeo-Urdu Hyderabadi Urdu Rekhta Kannauji Sansi Sadhukkadi
Eastern	Awadhi Bagheli Chhattisgarhi Fiji Hindi
Others	Parya

Eastern

Bihari

Bhojpuric	Bhojpuri Caribbean Hindustani
Magahi	Magahi
Maithili	Maithili Angika Bajjika
Sadanic	Sadri Kurmali Khortha
Tharuic	Tharu Kochila Buksa Majhi Musasa
Others	Kumhali Kuswaric Bote-Darai Danwar

Gauda–
Kamarupa

Bengali	Bengali dialects Bishnupriya Manipuri Hajong Kharia Thar Kurmukar Mal Paharia Noakhali Sylheti Tanchangya Thar Chittagonian Chakma Rohingya
Kamarupic	Assamese Kamrupi Dehan Goalpariya Rajbanshi (Nepal) Rangpuri Surjapuri

Odia

Odia
Sambalpuri
Desia
Bhatri
Bodo Parja
Reli
Kupia

Halbic

Halbi
Kamar
Bhunjia
Nahari

Southern

Marathi–
Konkani

Marathic	Marathi Varhadi Andh Berar Deccan Varli Phudagi Katkari Kadodi
Konkanic	Konkani Maharashtrian Konkani Nawayathi

Insular

Dhivehi
Sinhala
- Vedda

Old

Sanskrit
- Vedic
- Classical
Mitanni superstrate

Middle

Early	Ashokan Prakrit Pāli Early Ardhamagadhi
Middle (Prakrit)	Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dramatic Prakrits Ardhamagadhi Magadhi Maharashtri Shauraseni Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit Gāndhārī Gaudi Monumental Prakrit Paishachi
Late (Apabhraṃśa)	Abahattha Apabhraṃśa Elu Kamarupi Khasa Prakrit

Proto-
languages

Proto-Indo-Iranian
Proto-Indo-Aryan
Early Romani

Unclassified

Badeshi (unknown further classification)
Bazigar
Chinali–Lahul
- Chinali
- Lahul Lohar
Sheikhgal

Pidgins
and creoles

Andaman Creole Hindi
Bombay Hindi
Haflong Hindi
Kurbet
Nagamese
Nefamese
Vedda

See also: Indo-Iranian languages; Nuristani languages; Iranian languages

Sumber data: id.wikipedia.org via REST API v1

Languages

Language comparison chart

Verbs

See also

References

Bibliography